Diethyl malonate (1.55g, 9.69mmol, 1.1 equiv.) is added, the threads of the cap are wrapped tightly with Teflon tape for a tight seal, and the reaction is capped with a Green Open Top SURE-Link™ Polypropylene Cap. From: Methods in Enzymology, 2020
Home / The Malonic Ester and Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis
By James Ashenhurst
Last updated: September 24th, 2022 |
The Malonic Ester Synthesis And Its Cousin, The Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis
- In the malonic ester synthesis, a di-ester of malonic acid is deprotonated with a weak base, and then undergoes C–C bond formation at the alpha position with an alkyl halide (enolate alkylation)
- Treatment with aqueous acid results in hydrolysis of the ester. Upon heating, decarboxylation spontaneously occurs to give a chain-extended carboxylic acid.
- A related process, the acetoacetic ester synthesis, results in alkylated ketones.
- The reaction has the advantage that only an alkoxide base is required and there are none of the problems with regioselectivity that sometimes occur in the alkylation of substituted ketones with alkoxides.
- If desired, two alkylations can be carried out before the decarboxylation step.
Table of Contents
1. The Common Pattern In The Malonic Ester Synthesis
Before going into the mechanism, see if you can identify the common pattern for each of these malonic ester syntheses. Follow the different colors of atoms. Where does each come from? Where do each of them go?
The cool thing about this process is how it’s built from a series of simple reactions. Again, mechanisms in organic chemistry are a lot like music – from a small number of parts, we can build up something complex.
Let’s walk through the mechanism (focusing on the malonic ester synthesis for brevity – the acetoacetic ester synthesis mechanism is identical except we’re starting with a different compound).
The Malonic Ester Synthesis Is Comprised Of Five Separate Reactions
These processes are built out of five reactions in total:
Step 1: Deprotonation To Give An Enolate
In the first step, a base (CH3O– in this case) removes the most acidic proton from the ester (on C2 here, with a pKa of about 13) to give an enolate. The resulting enolate can be drawn as one of two resonance forms.
Step 2: SN2 Reaction Of The Enolate Nucleophile With An Alkyl Halide Electrophile
Enolates are great nucleophiles. In the second step, the enolate acts as a nucleophile in an SN2 reaction to form a new C-C bond:
Step 3: Acidic Ester Hydrolysis
Next (step 3), acid and water are added to perform the aqueous hydrolysis of the ester to a carboxylic acid.
Step 4: Decarboxylation To Give An Enol
Now comes the part which often gives students trouble. When carboxylic acids have a carbonyl group (C=O) two bonds away, they can readily lose carbon dioxide. Why? Because the carbonyl can act as an electron “sink” for the pair of electrons coming from the breaking C–C bond, forming an enol. This is called “decarboxylation”. Note how this is also the case for carboxylic acids with a ketone two bonds away, so-called “β-keto acids”. [See article – Decarboxylation]
Step 5: Tautomerization Of The Enol Back To The Carboxylic Acid
Finally, the enol that is formed is not a stable species. It can undergo transformation into its constitutional isomer: in this case, a carboxylic acid. These two constitutional isomers are in equilibrium with each other, although the “keto” form (with the carbonyl group) is greatly favored. This process is called “tautomerism“. [See article: Keto-enol tautomerism]
Again, the key point to make about the malonic ester synthesis is to observe the pattern of bonds formed and bonds broken. As with any reaction in organic chemistry, if you can see the pattern going forward, you should be able to apply it going backward as well. See if you can figure out how to make compound A from a malonic ester synthesis.
Secondly, it’s also possible to do two alkylations before doing the aqueous hydrolysis step. Can you figure out how to make B from a malonic ester synthesis?
[If you’ve read this far, worked on these problems, and would like an answer, leave a comment!]
Notes
(Advanced) References and Further Reading
- THE ADDITION OF MALONIC ESTERS TO BENZOYL-PHENYL-ACETYLENE.
Elmer P. Kohler
Journal of the American Chemical Society 1922, 44 (2), 379-385
DOI: 10.1021/ja01423a019
One of the earliest instances in the literature of the use of malonic esters in organic synthesis. - THE CLEAVAGE OF DISUBSTITUTED MALONIC ESTERS BY SODIUM ETHOXIDE
Arthur C. Cope and S. M. McElvain
Journal of the American Chemical Society 1932, 54 (11), 4319-4325
DOI: 1021/ja01350a026
This paper by Prof. A. C. Cope (of the Cope Rearrangement) shows that malonic acid esters can be synthesized from aliphatic acid enolates with diethyl carbonate. - The Alkylation of Malonic Ester Ralph G. Pearson
Journal of the American Chemical Society 1949, 71 (6), 2212-2214
DOI:1021/ja01174a080
This paper is a very rigorous physical-organic study of the malonic ester synthesis and shows that the rate of alkylation is related to the acidity of the a-proton in the malonic ester. - The malonic ester synthesis in the undergraduate laboratory
Bernard E. Hoogenboom, Phillip J. Ihrig, Arne N. Langsjoen, Carol J. Linn, and Stephen D. Mulder
Journal of Chemical Education 1991, 68 (8), 689
DOI: 1021/ed068p689
This publication describes a prototypical but still simplified method for carrying out the malonic ester synthesis, making it amenable for undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory courses. - DIETHYL 1,1-CYCLOBUTANEDICARBOXYLATE
Raymond P. Mariella and Richard Raube
Org Synth. 1953, 33, 23
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.033.0023
This procedure uses a dihalide to effect an intramolecular cyclization, which is also known as the Perkin alicyclic synthesis. Organic Syntheses, which is published by the ACS’s Organic Chemistry division, is a reputable source of reliable and independently tested synthetic organic laboratory procedures.