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This section covers permutations and combinations. Arranging Objects The number of ways of arranging n unlike objects in a line is n! (pronounced ‘n factorial’). n! = n × (n – 1) × (n – 2) ×…× 3 × 2 × 1 Example How many different ways can the letters P, Q, R, S be arranged? The answer is 4! = 24. This is because there are four spaces to be filled: _, _, _, _ The first space can be filled by any one of the four letters. The second space can be filled by any of the remaining 3 letters. The third space can be filled by any of the 2 remaining letters and the final space must be filled by the one remaining letter. The total number of possible arrangements is therefore 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 4!
n! . Example In how many ways can the letters in the word: STATISTICS be arranged? There are 3 S’s, 2 I’s and 3 T’s in this word, therefore, the number of ways of arranging the letters are: 10!=50 400 Rings and Roundabouts
When clockwise and anti-clockwise arrangements are the same, the number of ways is ½ (n – 1)! Example Ten people go to a party. How many different ways can they be seated? Anti-clockwise and clockwise arrangements are the same. Therefore, the total number of ways is ½ (10-1)! = 181 440 Combinations The number of ways of selecting r objects from n unlike objects is:  Example There are 10 balls in a bag numbered from 1 to 10. Three balls are selected at random. How many different ways are there of selecting the three balls? 10C3 =10!=10 × 9 × 8= 120 Permutations A permutation is an ordered arrangement.
nPr = n! . Example In the Match of the Day’s goal of the month competition, you had to pick the top 3 goals out of 10. Since the order is important, it is the permutation formula which we use. 10P3 =10! = 720 There are therefore 720 different ways of picking the top three goals. Probability The above facts can be used to help solve problems in probability. Example In the National Lottery, 6 numbers are chosen from 49. You win if the 6 balls you pick match the six balls selected by the machine. What is the probability of winning the National Lottery? The number of ways of choosing 6 numbers from 49 is 49C6 = 13 983 816 . Therefore the probability of winning the lottery is 1/13983816 = 0.000 000 071 5 (3sf), which is about a 1 in 14 million chance. It can be done easily in an infinite number of ways. Select any point on the perimeter of the square and cut from there, through the centre of the square, to the opposite perimeter. All in a straight line.
I just wanted to make sure my answer to a problem is correct. If we have 3 different items, how many ways can we arrange them amongst 7 spots? What if each item was exactly the same and we didn't care about the order of the 3 items? If we always pick the same item first and so on, we get 7 * 6 * 5 because for the first item we have 7 possible spots then 6 then 5. Then by symmetry we multiply by 3! to account for the number of possible permutations of the items to get 7!3!/4!? Then we could divide by 3! to drop off all permutations of items to get 7!/4! . Another way I though about it was we have 7 total items, one group of 3 and one of four. 7!/4! would drop all permutations of the group of 4 which would be a sort of parallel to having 3 items in 7 spaces where we care about the order. From that we could drop all permutations of 3! to get 7!/4!3!. The numbers seem off. Where did I go wrong? I'm guessing somewhere with the 7!3!/4! A combination is a selection of r items from a set of n items such that we don't care about the order of selection. Examples of CombinationsCombinations without repetitionsLet's say that we wanted to pick 2 balls out of a bag of 3 balls colored red (R), green (G) and purple (P). 123 3 different ways. Our options are: RG, RP and GP. We can count the number of combinations without repetition using the nCr formula, where n is 3 and r is 2.
We can see examples of this type of combinations when selecting teams for a sports game or for an assignment. We cannot select a team member more than once (so we can't have a team with Danny, Danny and myself) and we do not care about who is selected first to the team (so if I am in a team with Bob and Tom it is the same to me as being in a team with Tom and Bob). Combinations with repetitionsLet's say that we wanted to pick 2 balls out of a bag of 3 balls, colored red (R), green (G) and purple (P) 123 6 different ways. Our options are: RR, RG, RP, GG, GP and PP. We can count the number of combinations with repetitions mathematically by using the combinations with repetitions formula where n = 3 and r = 2.
We can see examples of this type of combinations when buying ice cream at an ice cream store since we can select flavors more than once (I could get two, three or even four scoops of chocolate ice cream if I wished) and I don't care about which scoop goes on top (so chocolate on top and vanilla on the bottom is the same to me as vanilla on top with a chocolate base). Permutations CalculatorWhat is a permutation?A permutation is a selection of r items from a set of n items where the order we pick our items matters. Examples of permutationsPermutations without repetitionsLet's say that we wanted to pick 2 balls out of a bag of 3 balls colored red (R), green (G) and purple (P) 123 6 different ways. Our options are: RG, GR, RP, PR, GP and PG. We can show this mathematically using the permutations formula with n = 3 and r = 2
We can see examples of this type in real life in the results of a running race (assuming that two people can't tie for the same place) as we clearly care if we come first and our competitor comes second or if it is the other way around. Permutations with repetitionsLet's say that we wanted to pick 2 balls out of a bag of 3 balls colored red (R), green (G) and purple (P). 123 9 different ways. Our options are: RR, RG, GR, RP, PR, GG, GP, PG and PP. We can show this mathematically by using the permutations with repetitions formula with n = 3 and r = 2. We can see this in real life in the number of codes on a safe - we can repeat numbers if we want (and have a password such as 1111) and we care about the order of the numbers (so if 1234 opens the safe, 4321 will not). Explaining the combinations and permutations formulasHow many ways do we have of ordering n balls?If we have 3 balls colored red (R), green (G) and purple (P) then there are 6 different ways. We have 3 options for the first color, then 2 options for the second color and one choice for the last color. Therefore we have 3 * 2 * 1 different options or 3! For 4 balls, we have 4! different permutations available. For 5 balls we have 5! different options, etc. For n balls we have n! options. Explaining the permutations formulaHow many permutations are there for selecting 3 balls out of 5 balls without repetitions? We can select any of the 5 balls in the first pick, any of the 4 remaining in the second pick and any of the 3 remaining in the third pick. This is 5 * 4 * 3 which can be written as 5!/2! (which is n! / (n - r)! with n=5, r=3). Explaining the combinations formulaEach combination of 3 balls can represent 3! different permutations. Therefore, we can derive the combinations formula from the permutations formula by dividing the number of permutations (5! / 2!) by 3! to obtain 5! / (2! * 3!) = 10 different ways. This generalises to other combinations too and gives us the formula #combinations = n! / ((n - r)! * r!) Explaining permutations with repetitions formulaIf we again picked 3 out of 5 balls but with repetitions then we have 5 options for each selection, giving us 5 * 5 * 5 = 125 selections overall. The general formula is therefore #permutations = nr. Explaining combinations with repetitions formulaLet's see how many combinations there are for selecting 3 balls out of 5 (red (R), green (G), purple (P), turquoise (T) and yellow (Y)) with repetitions. You will notice that our trick from the normal combinations formula does not work. For example, if we look at the combination of two red balls and one green ball only has 3 possible permutations (RGG, GRG, GGR) instead of 3! = 6, since the green appears twice. Therefore we cannot just divide the number of permutations by 6! and be done. Instead we will use a nice representation to make our task easier. We can represent selections in a table so if we wanted to select 2 reds and a green ball we might note it as: R | G | P | T | YOO | O | | |Which can be written more compactly, by omitting the header and unnecessary spaces, as OO|O|||and selecting one green, one purple and one yellow ball can be written as:R | G | P | T | Y| O | O | | Owhich can be written more compactly as |O|O||OFinally, selecting 3 turquoise balls can be written in a table like this:R | G | P | T | Y| | | | OOOwhich can be written as ||||OOO Each string of 4 |'s and 3 O's corresponds to a selection and vice versa. Therefore the number of ways of selecting 3 balls out of 5 with repetition and where order matters is the same as the number of ways of writing strings from 4 |'s and 3 O's. To figure out how many of these there are, we can start from 7! and then see that we need to divide by 4! because we repeat strings 4! because of | repetition (since initially we treat the 4 |'s as separate symbols) and divide by 3! since we repeat strings 3! times because of O repetition. Therefore there are 7!/(4!3!) different combinations = (n + r - 1)! / ((n - 1)! * r!), which is the formula that we are after. Combinations versus permutations, what's the difference?The difference is whether we care about the order. With combinations, the order does not matter. If we had to pick a sports team then the order in which we pick players does not matter. If we do care about the order then we are choosing a permutation. If instead of a sports team we looked at the results of a running race then order becomes important. We do care if we come first and our main contender comes second or vice versa, even though these would be part of the same combination. How to use the combinations and permutations calculator?Order is important: defines whether you want to use the combinations calculator (when it's not active) or the permutations calculator (when it's active). With repetitions: allows you to select combinations and permutations with repetitions (active) or without (inactive). Identical items: allows you to specify if your problem has some repetitions of items but not infinite replacement (active) or whether it does not (inactive). When it's active, you can fill in the number of repetitions for each item. Note that in this case the number of items textbox will represent the number of unique items. |
How many ways can you select 3 elements from 7 elements?
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