IntroductionLiquids In LiquidsSolids In LiquidsGases In Liquids IntroductionA solution is a homogeneous mixture of one or more solutes in a solvent. Sugar cubes added to a cup of tea or coffee is a common example of a solution. The property which helps sugar molecules to dissolve is known as solubility. Hence, the term solubility can be defined as a property of a substance (solute) to dissolve in a given solvent. A solute is any substance which can be either solid or liquid or gas dissolved in a solvent. On this basis, the factors affecting solubility vary on the state of the solute:
Liquids In LiquidsWater is known as a universal solvent as it dissolves almost every solute except for a few. Certain factors can influence the solubility of a substance. Solubility is the new bond formation between the solute molecules and solvent molecules. In terms of quantity, solubility is the maximum concentration of solute that dissolves in a known concentration of solvent at a given temperature. Based on the concentration of solute dissolves in a solvent, solutes are categorised into highly soluble, sparingly soluble or insoluble. If a concentration of 0.1 g or more of a solute can be dissolved in a 100ml solvent, it is said to be soluble. While a concentration below 0.1 g is dissolved in the solvent it is said to be sparingly soluble. Thus, it is said that solubility is a quantitative expression and expressed by the unit gram/ litre (g/L). To Know About Solvents And Solutes, Watch The Below Video:
Based on solubility, different types of solution can be obtained. A saturated solution is a solution where a given amount of solute is completely soluble in a solvent at given temperature. On the other hand, a supersaturated solution is those where solute starts to salting out or precipitate after a particular concentration is dissolved at the same temperature. Factors Affecting Solubility:The solubility of a substance depends on the physical and chemical properties of that substance. In addition to this, there are few conditions which can manipulate it. Temperature, pressure and the type of bond and forces between the particles are few among them.
Solids In LiquidsIt has been observed that solid solubility depends on the nature of solute as well as the solvent. We often see that substances like sugar, common salt (NaCl), etc readily dissolve in water while substances like naphthalene do not dissolve in water. From the various observations and experimental results, it has been seen that only polar solutes tend to dissolve in the polar solvent and non-polar solvents dissolve only non-polar solutes. Hence, the nature of solvent can be seen as one of the prominent factors affecting solubility. The above observation led to the statement that like dissolves like, that is polar solvents will dissolve polar solutes and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes. Crystallization: Now let us understand the process by which a solid dissolves in a solvent. Once a solid solute is added to a solvent, the solute particles dissolve in the solvent and this process is known as dissolution. Solute particles in the solution collide with each other and some of these particles get separated out of the solution, this process is called crystallization. A state of dynamic equilibrium is established between these two processes and at this point, the number of solute molecules entering the solution becomes equal to the number of particles leaving the solution. As a result, the concentration of the solute in the solution will remain constant at a given temperature and pressure. A solution in which no more solute can dissolve in the solvent at a given temperature and pressure is said to be a saturated solution as the solution contains the maximum amount of solute. The concentration of solute in such a solution is called its solubility at that temperature and pressure. If more solute can be added to a solution than it is called an unsaturated solution. Factors Affecting Solubility
Gases In LiquidsGas solubility in liquids deals with the concept of gas dissolving in a solvent. Let us first define solubility. For any substance, solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given solvent at a particular temperature. Now our concern is gas solubility in liquids. The gas solubility in liquids is greatly affected by temperature and pressure as well as the nature of the solute and the solvent. There are many gases that readily dissolve in water, while there are gases that do not dissolve in water under normal conditions. Oxygen is only sparingly soluble in water while HCl or ammonia readily dissolves in water. Factors Affecting Solubility
Hydrated salts are solutions of liquid in solid. The solubility of a solute decreases with increase of temperature if dissolution is exothermic. As pA = KHxA . Thus, at constant temperature, for same partial pressure of different gases, xA ∝ 1/KH . So, higher the value of KH, lower is the solubility of the gas. Dissolution of gas in liquid is an exothermic process. As the temperature is increased, equilibrium shifts backwards. For more details and examples join us on byjus.com or download BYJU’S – The Learning App.
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