Medical & Surgical Nursing (Notes)
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The main triggers for asthma are allergies, viral infections, autonomic nervous system imbalances that can cause an increase in parasympathetic stimulation, medications, psychological factors, and exercise. Of asthmatic conditions in patients under 30 years old, 70% are caused by allergies. Three major indoor allergens are dust mites, cockroaches, and cats. In older patients,the cause is almost always nonallergic types of irritants such as smog. Heredity plays a part in about one-third of the cases. Pathophysiology1. An asthma attack may occur spontaneously or in response to a trigger. Either way, the attack progresses in the following manner:
2. Three events contribute to clinical manifestations
3. If not treated promptly, status asthmaticus – an acute, severe, prolonged asthma attack that is unresponsive to the usual treatment – may occur, requiring hospitalization. Classification1. Extrinsic Asthma – called Atopic/allergic asthma. An “allergen” or an “antigen” is a foreign particle which enters the body. Our immune system over-reacts to these often harmless items, forming “antibodies” which are normally used to attack viruses or bacteria. Mast cells release these antibodies as well as other chemicals to defend the body. Common irritants:
2. Intrinsic asthma – called non-allergic asthma, is not allergy-related, in fact it is caused by anything except an allergy. It may be caused by inhalation of chemicals such as cigarette smoke or cleaning agents, taking aspirin, a chest infection, stress, laughter, exercise, cold air, food preservatives or a myriad of other factors.
Clinical Manifestations
Primary Nursing DiagnosisIneffective airway clearance related to obstruction from narrowed lumen and thick mucus Assessment and Diagnostic Methods
Steps of Clinical and Diagnostic as per National Asthma Education and Prevention ProgramMild Intermittent Asthma
Mild Persistent Asthma
Moderate Persistent Asthma
Severe Persistent Asthma
Medical ManagementPharmacologic TherapyThere are two classes of medications—long-acting control and quick-relief medications—as well as combination products.
Nursing ManagementThe immediate nursing care of patients with asthma depends on the severity of symptoms. The patient and family are often frightened and anxious because of the patient’s dyspnea. Therefore, a calm approach is an important aspect of care.
Teaching Points
Continuing Care
Documentation Guidelines
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Ineffective Airway ClearanceAssessmentPatient may manifest
Nursing Diagnosis
May be related to
Planning
Nursing Interventions
Ineffective Breathing PatternAssessmentPatient may manifest:
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning
Nursing Interventions
Impaired Gas ExchangeAssessmentPatient may manifest:
Nursing Diagnosis
May be related to
Planning
Nursing Interventions
FatigueAssessmentPatient may manifest:
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning
Nursing Interventions
Risk for Activity IntoleranceAssessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning
Nursing Interventions
Other Possible Nursing Care Plans
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