What foods will you teach the patient are high in iron?

1. De-Regil LM, Suchdev PS, Vist GE, et al. Home fortification of foods with multiple micronutrient powders for health and nutrition in children under two years of age (review). Evid Based Child Health. 2013;8:112–201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

2. Haider BA, Olofin I, Wang M, et al. Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br Med J. 2013;346:f3443 doi:10.1136/bmj.f3443. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Peña-Rosas JP. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD009997 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009997. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Prado EL, Dewey KG. Nutrition and brain development in early life. Nutr Rev. 2014;72:267–284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Lozoff B. Iron deficiency and child development. Food Nutr Bull. 2007;28(4 suppl):S560–S571. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. Beard J. Recent evidence from human and animal studies regarding iron status and infant development. J Nutr. 2007;137:524S–530S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

7. McGuire S. World Health Organization. Comprehensive Implementation Plan on Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition. Geneva, Switzerland, 2014. Adv Nutr. 2015;6:134–135. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. United Nations Standing Committee on Nutrition. Nutrition Targets and Indicators for the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals Accountability for the Measurement of Results in Nutrition. 2015. http://www.unscn.org/files/Publications/Briefs_on_Nutrition/Final_Nutrition%20and_the_SDGs.pdf. Published October 2014. Accessed May 17, 2016. [Google Scholar]

9. Bates-Earner N, Carin B, Lee MH, et al. Post-2015 Development Agenda: Goals, Targets and Indicators – Special Report. https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/mdg_post_2015v3.pdf. Published 2012. Accessed July 10, 2016. [Google Scholar]

10. World Health Organization. Daily Iron Supplementation in Infants and Children. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2016. [Google Scholar]

11. World Health Organization. Daily Iron Supplementation in Adult Women and Adolescent Girls. Geneva, Switzerland; 2016. [Google Scholar]

12. Sazawal S, Black RE, Ramsan M, et al. Effects of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospital and mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting: community-based, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367:133–143. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Soofi S, Cousens S, Iqbal SP, et al. Effect of provision of daily zinc and iron with several micronutrients on growth and morbidity among young children in Pakistan: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2013;382:29–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Zlotkin S, Newton S, Aimone AM, et al. Effect of iron fortification on malaria incidence in infants and young children in Ghana: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2013;310:938–947. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Veenemans J, Milligan P, Prentice AM, et al. Effect of supplementation with zinc and other micronutrients on malaria in Tanzanian children: a randomised trial. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1001125 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001125. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Prentice AM. Iron metabolism, malaria, and other infections: what is all the fuss about? J Nutr. 2008;138::2537–2541. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. World Health Organization. Conclusions and recommendations of the WHO Consultation on prevention and control of iron deficiency in infants and young children in malaria-endemic areas. Food Nutr Bull. 2007;28(4 suppl):S621–S631. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Eichler K, Wieser S, Rüthemann I, et al. Effects of micronutrient fortified milk and cereal food for infants and children: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:506 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-506. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Gera T, Sachdev HS, Boy E. Effect of iron-fortified foods on hematologic and biological outcomes: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;96:309–324. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Das JK, Salam RA, Kumar R, et al. Micronutrient fortification of food and its impact on woman and child health: a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2013;2:67 doi:10.1186/2046-4053-2-67. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Horton S, Ross J. The economics of iron deficiency. Food Policy. 2003;28:51–75. [Google Scholar]

22. Aaron G, Dror D, Yang Z. Multiple-micronutrient fortified non-dairy beverage interventions reduce the risk of anemia and iron deficiency in school-aged children in low-middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2015;7:3847–3868. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Self JL, Serdula M, Dowswell T, et al. Fortification of condiments and seasonings with iron for preventing anaemia and improving health (protocol). http://www.cochrane.org/CD009604/PUBHLTH_fortification-of-condiments-and-seasonings-with-iron-for-preventing-anaemia-and-improving-health. Published February 15, 2012. Accessed July 2016. [Google Scholar]

24. Spohrer R, Larson M, Maurin C, et al. The growing importance of staple foods and condiments used as ingredients in the food industry and implications for large-scale food fortification programs in Southeast Asia. Food Nutr Bull. 2013;34(2 suppl):S50–S61. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Backstrand JR. The history and future of food fortification in the United States: a public health perspective. Nutr Rev. 2002;60:15–26. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Hurrell RF. Fortification: overcoming technical and practical barriers. J Nutr. 2002;1:806S–812S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Hurrell RF, Egli I. Optimizing the bioavailability of iron compounds for food fortification. In: Kraemer K, Zimmermann MB, eds. Nutritional Anemia. Basel, Switzerland: Sight and Life Press; 2007. [Google Scholar]

28. Hoppe M, Hulthén L, Hallberg L. The importance of bioavailability of dietary iron in relation to the expected effect from iron fortification. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008;62:761–769. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Petry N, Boy E, Wirth J, et al. Review: The potential of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) as a vehicle for iron biofortification. Nutrients. 2015;7:1144–1173. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

30. Ma Q, Kim EY, Lindsay EA, et al. Bioactive dietary polyphenols inhibit heme iron absorption in a dose-dependent manner in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Food Sci. 2011;76:H143–H150. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. Martínez-Navarrete N, Camacho MM, Martínez-Lahuerta J, et al. Iron deficiency and iron fortified foods – a review. Food Res Int. 2002;35:225–231. [Google Scholar]

32. Hurrell R. How to ensure adequate iron absorption from iron-fortified food. Nutr Rev. 2002;60(7 pt 2):S7–S15; discussion S43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Hurrell R, Egli I. Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:1461S–1467S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Nestel P, Nalubola R, for the International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group. Technical Brief on Iron Compounds for Fortification of Staple Foods. Washington, DC: International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Human Nutrition Institute; 2002. [Google Scholar]

35. Walter T, Hertrampf E, Pizarro F, et al. Effect of bovine-hemoglobin-fortified cookies on iron status of schoolchildren: a nationwide program in Chile. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;57:190–194. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Moreira-Araújo RSR, Araújo MAM, Arêas JAG. Fortified food made by the extrusion of a mixture of chickpea, corn and bovine lung controls iron-deficiency anaemia in preschool children. Food Chem. 2008;107:158–164. [Google Scholar]

37. Theil EC, Burton JW, Beard JL. A sustainable solution for dietary iron deficiency through plant biotechnology and breeding to increase seed ferritin content. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997;51(suppl 4):S28–S31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Liao X, Yun S, Zhao G. Structure, function, and nutrition of phytoferritin: a newly functional factor for iron supplement. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2014;54:1342–1352. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Powell JJ, Bruggraber SFA, Faria N, et al. A nano-disperse ferritin-core mimetic that efficiently corrects anemia without luminal iron redox activity. Nanomedicine. 2013;10:1529–1538. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Guidelines on Nutrition Labelling. CAC/GL 2-1985. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 1985. [Google Scholar]

41. Codex Alimentarius Commission. Guidelines for Use of Nutrition and Health Claims. CAC/GL 23-1997. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 1997. [Google Scholar]

42. Nestlé. Nestlé Policy on Micronutrient Fortification of Foods & Beverages. http://www.nestle.com/asset-library/documents/library/documents/corporate_social_responsibility/nestle-policy-micronutrient-fortification-foods-beverages.pdf. Published June 2015. Accessed Jul 10, 2016. [Google Scholar]

43. Carvalho SMP, Vasconcelos MW. Producing more with less: strategies and novel technologies for plant-based food biofortification. Food Res Int. 2013;54:961–971. [Google Scholar]

44. Diapari M, Sindhu A, Bett K, et al. Genetic diversity and association mapping of iron and zinc concentrations in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Genome. 2014;57:459–468. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Hoppler M, Egli I, Petry N, et al. Iron speciation in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) biofortified by common breeding. J Food Sci. 2014;79:C1629–C1634. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Velu G, Ortiz-Monasterio I, Cakmak I, et al. Biofortification strategies to increase grain zinc and iron concentrations in wheat. J Cereal Sci. 2014;59:365–372. [Google Scholar]

47. Prom-u-thai C, Huang L, Glahn RP, et al. Iron (Fe) bioavailability and the distribution of anti-Fe nutrition biochemicals in the unpolished, polished grain and bran fraction of five rice genotypes. J Sci Food Agric. 2006;86:1209–1215. [Google Scholar]

48. Cakmak I, Pfeiffer WH, McClafferty B. Biofortification of durum wheat with zinc and iron. Cereal Chem. 2010;87:10–20. [Google Scholar]

49. Sandberg AS, Andlid T. Phytogenic and microbial phytases in human nutrition. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2002;37:823–833. [Google Scholar]

50. Platel K, Srinivasan K. Bioavailability of micronutrients from plant foods: an update. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016;56:1608–1619. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Finkelstein JL, Mehta S, Udipi SA, et al. A randomized trial of iron-biofortified pearl millet in school children in india. J Nutr. 2015;145:1576–1581. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Cercamondi CI, Egli IM, Mitchikpe E, et al. Total iron absorption by young women from iron-biofortified pearl millet composite meals is double that from regular millet meals but less than that from post-harvest iron-fortified millet meals. J Nutr. 2013;143:1376–1382. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Petry N, Egli I, Gahutu JB, et al. Phytic acid concentration influences iron bioavailability from biofortified beans in Rwandese women with low iron status. J Nutr. 2014;144:1681–1687. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Theil EC, Chen H, Miranda C, et al. Absorption of iron from ferritin is independent of heme iron and ferrous salts in women and rat intestinal segments. J Nutr. 2012;142:478–483. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Vaz-Tostes MdG, Agrizzi Verediano T, Gonzalez de Mejia E, et al. Evaluation of iron and zinc bioavailability of beans targeted for biofortification using in vitro and in vivo models and their effect on the nutritional status of preschool children. J Sci Food Agric. 2016;96:1326–1332. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Dias D, de Castro Moreira M, Gomes M, et al. Rice and bean targets for biofortification combined with high carotenoid content crops regulate transcriptional mechanisms increasing iron bioavailability. Nutrients. 2015;7:9683–9696. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. Briat JF, Duc C, Ravet K, et al. Ferritins and iron storage in plants. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1800:806–814. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Morris J, Hirschi K, Yang J. Biofortifying foods: tripping over high hurdles. Int J Biotechnol Food Sci. 2014;2:1–15. [Google Scholar]

59. Gulec S, Anderson GJ, Collins JF. Mechanistic and regulatory aspects of intestinal iron absorption. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014;307:G397–G409. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Drakesmith H, Prentice A. Viral infection and iron metabolism. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008;6:541–552. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Ganz T. Systemic iron homeostasis. Physiol Rev. 2013;93:1721–1741. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Pereira DIA, Mergler BI, Faria N, et al. Caco-2 cell acquisition of dietary iron(III) invokes a nanoparticulate endocytic pathway. PLoS One. 2013;8:e81250 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081250. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Martin CDS, Garri C, Pizarro F, et al. Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells absorb soybean ferritin by μ2 (AP2)-dependent endocytosis. J Nutr. 2008;138:659–666. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Kalgaonkar S, Lönnerdal B. Receptor-mediated uptake of ferritin-bound iron by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2009;20:304–311. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Prentice AM, Doherty CP, Abrams SA, et al. Hepcidin is the major predictor of erythrocyte iron incorporation in anemic African children. Blood. 2012;119:1922–1929. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Drakesmith H, Prentice AM. Hepcidin and the iron-infection axis. Science. 2012;338:768–772. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Cercamondi CI, Egli IM. Afebrile Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia decreases absorption of fortification iron but does not affect systemic iron utilization: a double stable-isotope study in young Beninese women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92:1385–1392. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Glinz D, Hurrell RF, Righetti AA, et al. In Ivorian school-age children, infection with hookworm does not reduce dietary iron absorption or systemic iron utilization, whereas afebrile Plasmodium falciparum infection reduces iron absorption by half. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101:462–470. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Atkinson SH, Armitage AE, Khandwala S, et al. Combinatorial effects of malaria season, iron deficiency, and inflammation determine plasma hepcidin concentration in African children. Blood. 2014;123:3221–3229. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Tielsch JM, Khatry SK, Stoltzfus RJ, et al. Effect of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on preschool child mortality in southern Nepal: community-based, cluster-randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367:144–152. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Brittenham GM, Andersson M, Egli I, et al. Circulating non-transferrin-bound iron after oral administration of supplemental and fortification doses of iron to healthy women: a randomized study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100:813–820. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Parkkinen J, Bonsdorff LV, Peltonen S, et al. Catalytically active iron and bacterial growth in serum of haemodialysis patients after i.v. iron-saccharate administration. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000;15:1827–1834. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Cassat JE, Skaar EP. Iron in infection and immunity. Cell Host Microbe. 2013;13:509–519. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Cross JH, Bradbury RS, Fulford AJ, et al. Oral iron acutely elevates bacterial growth in human serum. Sci Rep. 2015;5:1–7. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Gwamaka M, Kurtis JD, Sorensen BE, et al. Iron deficiency protects against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and death in young children. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1137–1144. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. Portugal S, Carret C, Recker M, et al. Host-mediated regulation of superinfection in malaria. Nat Med. 2011;17:732–738. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Clark MA, Goheen MM, Fulford A, et al. Host iron status and iron supplementation mediate susceptibility to erythrocytic stage Plasmodium falciparum. Nature Commun. 2014;5:4446 doi:10.1038/ncomms5446. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. Bullen JJ, Rogers HJ, Spalding PB, et al. Iron and infection: the heart of the matter. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2005;43:325–330. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Lounis N, Truffot-Pernot C, Grosset J, et al. Iron and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Clin Virol. 2001;20:123–126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Murray MJ, Murray AB, Murray MB, et al. The adverse effect of iron repletion on the course of certain infections. Br Med J. 1978;2:1113–1115. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Chilenje Infant Growth, Nutrition, and Infection Study (CIGNIS) Team. Micronutrient fortification to improve growth and health of maternally HIV-unexposed and exposed Zambian infants: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5:e11165 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011165. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Barth-Jaeggi T, Moretti D, Kvalsvig J, et al. In-home fortification with 2.5 mg iron as NaFeEDTA does not reduce anaemia but increases weight gain: a randomised controlled trial in Kenyan infants. Matern Child Nutr. 2015;11:151–162. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. Moore SE, Fulford AJC, Darboe MK, et al. A randomized trial to investigate the effects of pre-natal and infant nutritional supplementation on infant immune development in rural Gambia: the ENID trial: Early Nutrition and Immune Development. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012;12:107 doi:10.1186/1471-2393-12-107. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Unger SA. Effect of Physician or Health-worker Prescribed Lipid-based Multile Micronutrients on the Health Status of Children Presenting to a Primary Health Care Centre in The Gambia. [PhD thesis] London, UK: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; 2016. [Google Scholar]

85. de Gier B, Ponce MC, Perignon M, et al. Micronutrient-fortified rice can increase hookworm infection risk: a cluster randomized trial. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0145351 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145351. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2014;505:559–563. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2009;457:222–227. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88. Kinross JM, Darzi AW, Nicholson JK. Gut microbiome–host interactions in health and disease. Genome Med. 2011;3:14 doi:10.1186/gm228. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

89. Cho I, Blaser MJ. The human microbiome: at the interface of health and disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13:260–270. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Tremaroli V, Bäckhed F. Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nature. 2012;489:242–249. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Blaser MJ. The microbiome revolution. J Clin Invest. 2014;124:4162–4165. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

92. Weinberg ED. The Lactobacillus anomaly: total iron abstinence. Perspect Biol Med. 1997;40:578–583. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Kortman GAM, Raffatellu M, Swinkels DW, et al. Nutritional iron turned inside out: intestinal stress from a gut microbial perspective. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2014;38:1202–1234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Zimmermann MB, Chassard C, Rohner F, et al. The effects of iron fortification on the gut microbiota in African children: a randomized controlled trial in Côte d'Ivoire. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92:1406–1415. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Tibble J, Teahon K, Thjodleifsson B, et al. A simple method for assessing intestinal inflammation in Crohn’ s disease. Gut. 2000;47:506–513. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Jaeggi T, Kortman GAM, Moretti D, et al. Iron fortification adversely affects the gut microbiome, increases pathogen abundance and induces intestinal inflammation in Kenyan infants. Gut. 2014;64:731–742. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Mullen A, Gosset L, Larke N, et al. The effects of micronutrient-fortified complementary/replacement food on intestinal permeability and systemic markers of inflammation among maternally HIV-exposed and unexposed Zambian infants. Br J Nutr. 2012;107:893–902. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. Dostal A, Fehlbaum S, Chassard C, et al. Low iron availability in continuous in vitro colonic fermentations induces strong dysbiosis of the child gut microbial consortium and a decrease in main metabolites. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2013;83:161–175. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

99. Kortman GAM, Dutilh BE, Maathuis AJH, et al. Microbial metabolism shifts towards an adverse profile with supplementary iron in the TIM-2 in vitro model of the human colon. Front Microbiol. 2016;6:1481 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01481. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

100. Levi S, Finazzi D. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation: update on pathogenic mechanisms. Front Pharmacol. 2014;5:99 doi:10.3389/fphar.2014.00099. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

101. Singh N, Haldar S, Tripathi AK, et al. Brain iron homeostasis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical significance and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;20:1324–1363. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Hare D, Ayton S, Bush A, et al. A delicate balance: iron metabolism and diseases of the brain. Front Aging Neurosci. 2013;5:34 doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00034. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103. Loef M, Walach H. Copper and iron in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and its dietary implications. Br J Nutr. 2012;107:7–19. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Budimir A. Metal ions, Alzheimer's disease and chelation therapy. Acta Pharm. 2011;61:1–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

105. Lozoff B, Castillo M, Clark KM, et al. Iron-fortified vs low-iron infant formula – developmental outcome at 10 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166:208–215. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

106. Zhang W, Iso H, Ohira T, et al. Associations of dietary iron intake with mortality from cardiovascular disease: the JACC Study. J Epidemiol. 2012;22:484–493. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

107. Schaefer B, Effenberger M, Zoller H. Iron metabolism in transplantation. Transpl Int. 2014;27:1109–1117. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

108. Radulescu S, Brookes MJ, Salgueiro P, et al. Luminal iron levels govern intestinal tumorigenesis after Apc loss in vivo. Cell Reports. 2012;2:270–282. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

109. Torti SV, Torti FM. Iron and cancer: more ore to be mined. Nat Rev Cancer. 2013;13:342–355. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

110. Bystrom LM, Guzman ML, Rivella S. Iron and reactive oxygen species: friends or foes of cancer cells? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;20:1917–1924. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

111. Fonseca-Nunes A, Jakszyn P, Agudo A. Iron and cancer risk – a systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2014;23:12–31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

112. Ashmore JH, Rogers CJ, Kelleher SL, et al. Dietary iron and colorectal cancer risk: a review of human population studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016;56:1012–1020. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

113. Bouvard V, Loomis D, Guyton KZ, et al. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncol. 2015;2045:1–2. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

114. Simcox JA, McClain DA. Iron and diabetes risk. Cell Metab. 2013;17:329–341. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

115. Bao W, Rong Y, Rong S, et al. Dietary iron intake, body iron stores, and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2012;10:119 doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-119. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

116. John CC. Complex interactions of HIV infection, malaria, and iron deficiency. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1635–1637. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

117. Esan MO, Hensbroek MBV, Nkhoma E, et al. Iron supplementation in HIV-infected Malawian children with anemia: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1626–1634. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

118. McDermid JM, Hennig BJ, van der Sande M, et al. Host iron redistribution as a risk factor for incident tuberculosis in HIV infection: an 11-year retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:48 doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-48. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

119. Canadian Public Health Association. CPHA website. Food fortification with vitamins and minerals. http://www.cpha.ca/en/programs/history/achievements/09-shf/fortification.aspx. Accessed July 10, 2016. [Google Scholar]

120. Tulchinsky TH. The key role of government in addressing the pandemic of micronutrient deficiency conditions in Southeast Asia. Nutrients. 2015;7:2518–2523. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

121. Le HT, Brouwer ID, Burema J, et al. Efficacy of iron fortification compared to iron supplementation among Vietnamese schoolchildren. Nutr J. 2006;5:32 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-5-32. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

122. Burke RM, Leon JS, Suchdev PS. Identification, prevention and treatment of iron deficiency during the first 1000 days. Nutrients. 2014;6:4093–4114. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

123. Calvo EB, Galindo AC, Aspres NB. Iron status in exclusively breast-fed infants. Pediatrics. 1992;90:375–379. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

124. Meinzen-Derr JK, Guerrero ML, Altaye M, et al. Risk of infant anemia is associated with exclusive breast-feeding and maternal anemia in a Mexican cohort. J Nutr. 2006;136:452–458. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

125. Krebs NF. Food based complementary feeding strategies for breastfed infants: what's the evidence that it matters? Nutr Today. 2014;49:271–277. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

126. Brito A, Olivares M, Pizarro T, et al. Chilean complementary feeding program reduces anemia and improves iron status in children aged 11 to 18 months. Food Nutr Bull. 2013;34:378–385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]


Page 2

Main iron compounds used for the fortification of packaged foods

CompoundIron load (% weight)Solubility in wateraRelative bioavailability (%)bInduction of taste, texture, or color changesApproximate cost scalec
Ferrous sulfate 7H2020High100HighLow
Dried ferrous sulfate33High100HighLow
Ferrous gluconate12High89HighHigh
Ferrous lactate19High106HighHigh
Ferric ammonium citrate18High>100HighMedium
Ferrous ammonium sulfate14High≈100HighMedium
Ferrous bisglycinate20High>100LowHigh
Ferrous or ferric EDTA chelates13High≥100 dLowHigh
Ferrous fumarate33Low100LowLow
Ferrous succinate35Low92LowHigh
Ferric saccharate10Low74LowHigh
Ferric glycerophosphate15Low≈90LowVery high
Ferrous citrate24Low74LowMedium
Ferrous tartrate22Low62LowMedium
Ferric pyrophosphate25Low21–74LowLow to medium
Ferric orthophosphate28Low25–32LowMedium
Electrolytic iron powder97Negligible75VariableeVery low
H-reduced iron97Negligible13–148VariableeVery low
CO-reduced iron97Negligible10–30VariableeVery low
Atomized iron97NegligibleNDVariableeVery low
Carbonyl iron99Negligible5–20VariableeVery low