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Technology Transfer in ORD: Policy and Implementation The Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986 promotes inform one another of needs for support and of the dissemination of new research findings in order to information available or under development which can stimulate the development of new products with potential meet those needs. Also, OTTRS will be the link back to application in the private and public sectors. In response the Administrator's Agency-Wide Technology Transfer to the promulgation of the Act, EPA Administrator Lee Group, apprising them of the status of ORD technology Thomas issued clear-cut guidance to Program Officials transfer activities and communicating with ORD about throughout the Agency urging the development of that group's perceptions of needs for technical implementation plans. The guidance was issued in the information and research products. context of a report to the Administrator by his Task Force 3. Enhanced Communication. OTTRS will expand ORD's on Technology Transfer and Training, which stresses that relationships with outside groups, particularly those as the environmental programs of the 1980s develop and mature, more of the work in environmental protection is representing State environmental decision-makers, to ensure that ORD's information reaches the widest being carried out in the field by EPA Regional offices and possible audience. State and local governments. This shift compels EPA to extend its role beyond its traditional focus on enforcement 4. Project-level Technology Transfer Plans. Beginning and regulation to an emphasis on technology transfer as a with the FY 1990 planning process, technology transfer means of accomplishing environmental protection goals. will be a designated consideration in every project plan. Each project plan will identify the audience for the final In light of this shift and the enhanced Agency emphasis on "deliverables" and how they will be delivered. These technology transfer, Assistant Administrator for Research plans will be reviewed by each Lab Director and will and Development, Dr. Vaun A. Newill, has initiated a reorganization of the Office of Research and Development serve as a source of information for the organization's Technology Transfer Coordinator. OTTRS will provide (ORD). placing primary responsibility for ORD's technical outreach functions in the new Office of Technology guidance and a brief form that can be appended to the Transfer and Regulatory Support (OTTRS). Dr Newill project plan to accomplish this objective. The Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI), within articulated ORD's policy in the following statement: OTTRS, will provide support to the labs to identify and "As the Agency's primary arm for the creation of design technology transfer products. new scientific knowledge, ORD has a particular obligation to communicate this knowledge to those 5. Research Committee Plans. For the FY 1990 planning who can best translate it into strategies for managing process, the Assistant Administrator for Research and the environment. As matter of policy, ORD is Development is requesting that each Research Committee form a subcommittee or a working group to committed to planning, developing and delivering review how the scientific and technical information information that is responsive to the audience it seeks to serve. Whether our audience is the being produced in its program area will be transmitted to potential user audiences. For programs with scientific community or regulation writers in the deliverables in FY 1989/90, each Research Committee program offices, Regional coordinators, State permit writers or industrial waste managers, our ability to is being asked to identify three or four specific deliver what we have to offer in an effective manner technology transfer or technical assistance projects which reflect ORD's renewed commitment to the depends first upon our awareness of the user. Second, we need to be familiar with the vehicles that effective transfer of research results to its clients. OTTRS will work with each of the Committees to are available for transferring what we know so that information is presented in a way that encourages identify and describe these projects. our audiences to use it. Third, we need to provide 6. Role of CERI. The function of CERI will be evaluated the resources to ensure that both the development and expanded with the potential goal of providing more and the delivery of the information are accomplished user-targeted workshops/seminars and publications before we consider the job to be 'done'." and focusing more attention on state-of-the-art dissemination methods such as computer assisted In order to put this policy into practice, ORD is moving ahead in eight areas. instruction, expert systems, videodiscs, and electronic bulletin boards. 1. Technology Transfer Coordination. Each Headquarters 7. Technology Transfer in ORD Supported Institutions. Office and Laboratory is designating a senior individual ORD is experiencing dramatic growth in its support of a to serve as a Technology Transfer Coordinator. These variety of institutions such as centers, clearinghouses, individuals are focal points in each organization for hotlines and private public consortia. OTTRS is being technology transfer activities. As a group, the asked to assess the situation and make coordinators will serve as the ORD Technology recommendations for advancing ORD's technology Transfer Advisory Committee. They will meet transfer objectives using these information networks. periodically to ensure that they are aware of technology 8. Technology Transfer Act. As of March 1, 1988, Chuck transfer activities throughout ORD as well as in the rest Brunot, Director of the Division of Environmental of the Agency and will communicate regularly with the Monitoring in the Office of Monitoring and Quality Technology Transfer Staff in OTTRS. Assurance, joined OTTRS to assume full-time 2. Needs of Regional Offices. The Technology Transfer responsibility for ORD's implementation of these new Advisory Committee will be linked to the new network authorities. He will be the focal point for interactions of ORD Regional Scientists that is currently being among labs, universities and private industry to develop established. Through OTTRS, these two bodies will transferable technologies. Page 3
REQUEST FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER MATERIAL
PROCESS DESIGN MANUALS Phosphorus Removal (Sept. 1987) 1001 O Municipal Sludge Landfills (Oct. 1978) 1010 0 Sludge Treatment and Disposal (Oct. 1979) 1011 O Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems (Oct. 1980) 1012 Land Treatment of Municpal Wastewater (Oct. 1981) 1013 Supplement for Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater (Oct. 1984) 1013a 0 Dewatering Municipal Wastewater Sludges (Sept. 1987) 1014 0 Municipal Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (Oct. 1983) 1015 Land Application of Municipal Sludge (Oct. 1983) 1016 0 Electrostatic Precipitator Operation and Maintenance (Sept. 1985) 1017 0 Odor and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Sewerage Systems and Treatment Plants (Oct. 1985) 1018 0 Lime/Limestone FGD Inspection and Performance Evaluation Manual (Oct. 1985) 1019 Fabric Filter Operation and Maintenance (June 1986) 1020 D 1021 Municipal Wastewater Disinfection (Oct. 1986) TECHNICAL CAPSULE REPORTS First Progress Report: Wellman-Lord SO2 Recovery Process - Flue Gas Desulfurization Plant 2011 0 Double Alkali Flue Gas Desulfurization System Applied at the General Motors Parma, OH Facility 2016 0 Recovery of Spent Sulfuric Acid from Steel Pickling Operations 2017 Fourth Progress Report: Forced-Oxidation Test Results at the EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility 2018 0 Particulate Control by Fabric Filtration on Coal-Fired Industrial Boilers 2021 0 Bahco Flue Gas Desulfurization and Particulate Removal System 2022 0 First Progress Report: Physical Coal Cleaning Demonstration at Homer City, PA 2023 O Acoustic Monitoring to Determine the Integrity of Hazardous Waste Dams 2024 0 Disposal of Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastes: Shawnee Field Evaluation 2028 Adipic Acid-Enhanced Lime/Limestone Test Results at the EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility 2029 0 Benefits of Microprocessor Control of Curing Ovens for Solvent Based Castings 2031 0 SEMINAR PUBLICATIONS Composting of Municipal Wastewater Sludges 4014 0 Municipal Wastewater Sludge Combustion Technology 4015 0 Protection of Public Water Supplies from Groundwater Contamination 4016 0 • Permitting Hazardous Waste Incinerators 4017 Meeting Hazardous Waste Requirements for Metal Finishers 4018 0 BROCHURES Environmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Reducing Water Pollution Control Costs in the Electroplating Industry 5016 0 Environmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Centralized Waste Treatment Alternatives for the Electroplating Industry 5017 0 Environmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Sludge Handling, Dewatering, and Disposal Alternatives for the Metal Finishing Industry 5018 0
Nitrogen Oxide Control for Stationary Combustion Sources 5020 0 User's Guide: Emission Control Technologies and Emission Factors for Unpaved Road Fugitive Emissions 5022 0 HANDBOOKS Industrial Guide for Air Pollution Control (June 1978) 6004 Remedial Action at Waste Disposal Sites (Oct. 1985) 6006 Identification/Correction of Typical Design Deficiencies at Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Oct. 1982) 6007 Improving Publicly Owned Treatment Works Performance Using the Composite Correction Program Approach (Oct. 1984) 6008 o Septage Treatment and Disposal (Oct. 1984) 6009 0 Estimating Sludge Management Costs al Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Oct. 1985) 6010 0 Permit Writers Guide to Test Burn Dala: Hazardous Waste Incineration (Sept 1986) 6012 0 Stream Sampling for Waste Load Allocation Applications (Sept. 1986) 6013 0 Control Technologies for Hazardous Air Pollutants (Sept. 1986) 6014 0 Underground Storage Tank Corrective Action Technologies (Jan. 1987) 6015 0 Ground Water (March 1987) 6016 0 Retrofitting POTWs for Phosphorus Removal in the Chesapeake Bay Drainage Area (Sept. 1987) 6017 0 SUMMARY REPORTS Control and Treatment Technology for the Melal Finishing Industry Series: Sulfide Precipitation 8003 0 Sulfur Oxides Control Technology Series: FGD Dual Alkali Process 8004 0 Sulfur Oxides Control Technology Series: FGD Lime/Limestone Processes 8006 0 Control and Treatment Technology for the Metal Finishing Industry Series: lon Exchange 8007 D Control and Treatment Technology for the Metal Finishing Industry Series: In-Plant Changes 8008 0 Sulfur Oxides Control Technology Series: FGD Spray Dryer Process 8009 0 Fine Pore (Fine Bubble) Aeration Systems 8010 D Technology Assessment of Sequencing Batch Reactors 8011 Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming 8012 0 Biomonitoring to Achieve Control of Toxic Effluents 8013 • A Compendium of Technologies Used in the Treatment of Hazardous Wastes 8014 0
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City/State/Zip Code • Publication listed for first time. Forward to: CERI, Technology Transfer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 12505, Cincinnati, OH 45212.
New Technology Transfer Publications
Manual: Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems for Municipal Wastewater Treatment (#1022) This new publication is being made available on site to attendees of the 61st Annual Conference and Exposition of the Water Pollution Control Federation in Dallas, Texas, October 2-6, 1988. It compiles all available design and operating criteria for the various systems and includes the following sections: • Aquatic Treatment Systems Environmental and Health Considerations Design of Constructed Wetlands These systems include natural and constructed wetlands, ponds, raceways and other structures that are based on combinations of aquatic plants and animals. Interest in aquatic treatment systems for wastewater can be attributed to four basic factors: 1. Public demands for more stringent wastewater effluent standards, including removal of nutrients and trace contaminants as well as organic and suspended matter; 2. Rapidly escalating costs of construction and operation associated with conventional treatment facilities; 3. Recognition of the natural treatment functions of aquatic plant systems and wetlands, particularly as nutrient sinks and buffering zones; and 4. In the case of wetlands, emerging or renewed application of aesthetic, wildlife, and other incidental environmental benefits associated with the preservation and enhancement of wetlands.
Five phases of a waste minimization audit program are outlined in this manual: • Planning and organization • Information gathering Work minimization audits Feasibility analysis • Program implementation Waste minimization audit procedures incorporated in the manual are intended to motivate the user to search, screen and put into practice measures involving administrative, material, or technology changes that result in decreased waste generation Waste Minimization action is a policy specifically mandated by the U.S. Congress in its Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 to RCRA, and with the unprecedented increase in cost of waste management, a heightened general interest in waste minimization is now at hand. Additional contributing factors to interest in waste minimization is the desire on the part of generators, to reduce their environmental impairment liabilities under the provisions of CERCLA (Superfund).
Future Technology Transfer Meetings
Manual: Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment (#7003) This new publication has been developed to assist waste generators in meeting current demands to reduce waste. Basic information is provided in developing a waste minimization audit program, with most of the material focused to assist manufacturing facilities. However the generic approach utilized in this manual is presented so that much of this subject matter is applicable to other segments of industry, government or business. The manual is to be used as a source of concepts and ideas. It begins with definitions of terms used in waste minimization practices. This is followed by brief discussions of incentives for waste minimization and economic considerations.
Seminar Series: Leak Detection Methods for Underground Storage Tanks Four Seminars will be held this Fall to acquaint the environmental technical community with methods for detecting leaks from underground storage tanks (USTs). The seminars will be presented in the following locations: San Francisco, CA - September 12-13, 1988 The purpose of these seminars is to present results of EPA's research effort to determine the performance of UST leak detection methods. The seminar sessions will be presented by those who have been involved in this research. With information from these sessions, attendees will be better equipped to select and integrate tests and thus help manufacturers improve their procedures and equipment. EPA's Office of Research and Development is providing this information through studies conducted by its Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory in Edison, NJ and the Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory in Las Vegas, NV. These two-day seminars are designed for manufacturers of leak detection equipment and instruments, environmental consultants who must choose which tests to use, and Page 4
contractors who perform leak detection tests. The agenda will cover internal and external tank testing methods, as follows:
Part 1: Overview of UST Leak Detection Part II: Internal Tank Leak Detection Methods Performance of UST Leak Detection Methods • Evaluation Methodology Volumetric Tank Testing Line Leak Detection • Automatic Tank Gauging Systems Selection of In-Tank Detection Option Part III: External Tank Leak Detection (second day) • Background Site Assessment Risk Assessment . Groundwater Monitoring • Vapor Monitoring Setting Alarm Levels Part IV: Integrating Internal and External Methods Deciding on a Monitoring Strategy Panel Discussion
wetlands, UV disinfection, in-vessel composting, lowenergy incineration. The seminars will be presented in the following locations: Schenectady, NY • December 7-8, 1988 Charlotte, NC - January 9-10, 1989 Chicago, IL - January 12-13, 1989 Spokane, WA - January 23-24, 1989 San Francisco, CA · January 26-27, 1989There is no registration fee. Additional information can be obtained by contacting: Denis Lussier, USEPA-CERI, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
There is no fee for attending these seminars. For registration information contact Ursula S. Thomas at JACA Corp., Fort Washington, PA (215) 643-5466. For additional program information contact: Carol Grove, USEPA-CERI, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
Workshop Series: Bioremediation of Hazardous Waste Sites A series of two-day workshops is being developed to an in-depth look at assessing the viability of biosystems for the treatment of hazardous wastes and implementating onsite remediation. These workshops will focus on: identification of the necessary site or waste characteristics to utilize biological treatment • evaluation of the role of treatability tests in assessing performance • application of appropriate reactor design and/or in-situ treatment These workshops will be offered in early 1989, in 8-10 major industrial areas. There is no registration fee. For further information contact Fran Kremer, USEPA-CERI 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive. Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
Seminar Series: Field Evaluations of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Technologies Five two-day seminars will be conducted, presenting advances in municipal wastewater treatment. Advances in municipal wastewater treatment technology continue to develop at a dramatic pace, with several hundred Innovative and Alternative (1/A) projects now in operation across the country. Many studies have been undertaken by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to ascertain actual fieldscale performance and capital and O&M costs of NA technologies, as well as to document problems encountered with their design, construction, and operation. Specifically, this seminar series will: Provide actual full-scale operating data to improve the data base of design engineers and their client municipalities in properly considering alternative municipal wastewater collection and treatment systems and in performing accurate cost-effective analyses of these alternatives. This will increase the probability of optimum system choice. • Identity problem technologies that have not performed as anticipated, necessitating modification and/or replacement (M/R) actions. The performance, design, and operation of these technologies will be discussed. This seminar series will present information on several new technologies not covered in previous seminars, as well as newly developed design, performance, and operating data on some technologies that were. The information presented will be of major benefit to those involved in the evaluation, design, and/or approval of municipal wastewater systems, especially VA technology applications. Specific technologies to be addressed include: sulfide corrosion of sewers, rainfall-induced infiltration, exfiltration, intrachannel clarifiers, draft tube aeration, constructed
Workshop Series: Emerging Technologies for Upgrading Existing or Designing New Drinking Water Treatment Facilities These 2-1/2 day workshops are sponsored and organized by a local section of the American Water Works Association (AWWA) and EPA's Regional Offices, as well as Offices of Drinking Water and Research and Development. The workshops will present technical information on proven technologies to encourage their use in either plans for process modification or new construction. Removal processes for lead, radon, volatile organics, synthetic organics and disinfection byproducts are discussed along with filtration, disinfection and corrosion control technologies. These sessions are primarily intended for regional, state and local drinking water regulatory personnel who approve plans for the construction of new or the upgrading of existing drinking water treatment facilities. Consulting engineers and drinking water treatment equipment manufacturers will also find these workshops helpful. Workshops have to date been held in Philadelphia, PA, St. Louis, MO, Tallahassee, FL, San Francisco, CA, and Spokane, WA. Future workshop dates and locations are as follows: Boston, MA - November 1-2, 1988 Chicago, IL - November, 1988 Dallas, TX - February, 1989 There is no registration fee. Additional information can be obtained by contacting: Jim Smith, USEPA-CERI, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
Workshop Series: Waste Minimization
A series of five two-day workshops on the topic of waste minimization in industry is being developed. These workshops will focus on audit, management, and engineering applications for waste minimization and reduction opportunities in several key industries. A substantial part of the workshop program will be devoted to industry-specific sessions that will be conducted simultaneously to allow attendees to participate in the session of their interest. Case studies of successful application of waste minimization will also be presented. In addition, attendees will have the opportuniuty for direct problem solving of hypothetical waste minimization situations. Tentative plans are to hold workshops in Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Houston, and Seattle. Individuals on the mailing list to receive this Newsletter will receive a copy of the announcement for this workshop series when it is completed. The announcement will contain a final agenda, dates, and locations for the workshops. There will be no registration fee for these workshops. Additional information on the contents of the workshops can be obtained by contacting Doug Williams, USEPA-CERI, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
an overview of USEPA's Office of Drinking Water Health Advisory Program was given. Each workshop attendee had an opportunity to take part in hands on case studies designed to demonstrate risk assessment and risk management procedures for specific chemicals of concern (i.e., aldicarb, TCE and vinyl chloride). Methods of risk communication were also examined. Speakers were from EPA's Office of Drinking Water, Office of Research and Development and regional offices, state and local offices, and consulting organizations. Work is underway to produce a Technology Transfer Seminar Publication that will be available this Fall. Additional information can be obtained by contacting Jim Smith, USEPA-CERI, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
Seminars on "Corrective Action Technologies and Applications" Completed The fifth in this series of seminars was held in Los Angles on June 14-15, 1988 at the Westin Bonaventure Hotel. These Seminars provided information on alternative technologies for implementing corrective measures when RCRAICERCLA cleanup activities are required. The seminars covered the basic screening methods for evaluating suitable technologies along with examples of successful applications in the field. Specific topics included polluntant containment, preinvestigative measures, chemical detoxification methods, biological treatment, thermal treatment, solidification/stablization of wastes, and management issues for successfully implementing corrective measures. These topics also dealt with interim as well as long term management and technology application issues involving corrective measure implementation. Work is underway to produce a Technology Transfer Seminar Publication that will be available in early 1989.
AWWA National Meeting and Convention The EPA Offices of Research and Development (ORD) and Drinking Water (ODW) cooperated in an exhibit at the June 19-23, 1988 American Water Works Association National Meeting in Orlando, Florida. Approximately 11,000 state and utility personnel along with consultants, manufacturers and academicians registered for this meeting. As part of the exhibit, ORD demonstrated the Integrated Risk Management System (IRIS). IRIS is an electronic data base containing health risk and EPA regulatory information on specific chemicals. It was developed for EPA staff in response to the growing demand for consistent risk information on chemical substances for use in decisionmaking and regulatory activities. IRIS is accessible to state and local environmental health agencies. It is available to libraries, private citizens and other organizations through Dialcom, Inc. Electronic Mail telecommunications system. Also, as part of the exhibit, ORD displayed and made available to participants the following publications that are pertinent to the Agency's Drinking Water Program. These publications can be ordered free of charge (while in stock) from: ORD Publications Center for Environmental Research Information U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268 • A Study of Possible Economical Ways of Removing Radium from Drinking Water, Project Summary. EPA/600/S2-88-009, April 1988. Statistical Models for Water Main Failures, Project Summary, EPA/600/S5-87/003, January 1988. Nitrate Removal from Contaminated Water Supplies: Volume II, Project Summary. EPA/600/S2-87/034, August 1987. • Removal of Uranium from Drinking Water by lon Exchange and Chemical Clarification, Project Summary, 86/099, February 1987. • Treatment Alternatives for Controlling Chlorinated Organic Contaminants in Drinking Water, Project
The fourteenth in this series of workshops was held at the Hilton Inn in Valley Forge/King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, August 22-24, 1988. These workshops were designed with input from States and USEPA Regional representatives to address their specific program needs for responding effectively to drinking water contamination incidents when they occur. They were also designed to provide consistent processes for officials involved in managing drinking water contamination incidents nationwide. Topics included health effects of contaminants, analytical methods, and best available treatment technologies for three major classes of chemicals: volatile organics, inorganics and posticides. Current regulatory initiatives were discussed, and
• USEPA Manual of Methods for Virology, EPA/600/4 84/013. • Health Effects Assessment Documents, Project Summary, EPA/540/S1-86/059, March 1986. EPA/600/S2-87/036.
regional office and five laboratory libraries. SITE documents will be added as they become available. EPA envisions expanding this Information Clearinghouse to include data generated by other EPA programs. For more information on the clearinghouse, contact the hotline at 800424-9346 or (FTS) 382-3000 in Washington, DC. Several reports will be available shortly from the SITE program. A final report on the Peak Oil demonstration in Brandon, Florida, will be available this fall, along with a project summary containing pertinent results and performance data.
The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program, Progress and Accomplishments - A Report to Congress EPA is required to submit a report to Congress annually on the progress and results of the SITE program. This Report presents the accomplishments during FY 1987 and through January 30, 1988. During this period a demonstration program, measurement and monitoring techniques development program, and technology transfer program were developed. The primary focus has been on the demonstration program where the major objective is to develop reliable performance and cost information on innovative technologies so they can be considered in Superfund decision making. At the close of FY 1987, 20 developers had been selected to participate in the program, ten from each of two solicitation cycles. This Report (NTIS No. PB 88-237 482) is available from: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 (703) 487-4650
The SITE Program and Information Clearinghouse - Update In 1986, EPA's Offices of Solid Waste and Emergency Response and Research and Development established the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation or SITE program. The purpose is to assist technology developers in the evaluation of new and innovative treatment, measurement, and monitoring technologies. Through treatment technology demonstrations, the SITE program seeks to encourage the use of alternative or innovative treatment technologies at Superfund and other hazardous waste sites to achieve more permanent protection of human health and the environment. Under the program, EPA jointly conducts full-scale technology demonstration and evaluation project with a developer at a Superfund site. The developer demonstrates the technology, while EPA evaluates the performance of the technology, its reliability and costs. In addition, EPA is assisting private industry in developing emerging technologies from the conceptual stage to pilot-scale demonstration through cost-sharing agreements. EPA will document the SITE demonstration results in reports to be made available to Federal, State and private cleanup managers and other interested parties. Recognizing that access to this, and other treatment information, is essential to the acceptance and use of alternative technologies, the SITE program developed an Information Clearinghouse to collect, synthesize and disseminate technology performance data. The clearinghouse has three components: • A hotline provides callers with up-to-date information on SITE projects, demonstration schedules and the availability of the results, and also refers callers to other sources of information. The number is 800-424-9346 or (FTS) 382-3000 in Washington, DC. • An electronic bulletin board, part of a planned computerized database network, provides summary A collection of reports, journals and other documents is housed in the EPA Library's Hazardous Waste Collection. This collection is available at EPA Headquarters and is accessible using onsite personal computers at EPA's 10
Technical Resource Document: Treatment Technical Resource Document: Treatment for Metal Cyanide-Containing Wastes - Volume 3 NTIS PB88-143896 $56.95
Data Quality Objectives for Remedial Response
Compendium of Costs of Remedial Technologies at
Manual of Procedures and Criteria for Inspecting
U.S. Production of Manufactured Gases: Assessment of Past Disposal Practices Former sites of gas manufacture present problems for remediation and reuse of the sites. In some cases, polluted groundwater and surface waters are near the sites. This study examines the history of the manufactured-gas industry in the U.S., its production processes, disposal trends, waste toxicity, methods of site investigation, and the current status of manufactured-gas sites. Case studies were prepared for six former gas-manufacturing sites, two by-product tar utilization facilities, a creosoting plant and a coal tar processor. The report is intended as a guide for those examining and evaluating manufactured-gas sites for either environmental risks or possible remediation. NTIS PB88165790 $38.95.
Hazardous Waste Combustion in industrial
Report on Decontamination of PCB-Bearing Wastes NTIS PB88-113220 $14.95
Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Techniques to Detect
Method for Estimating Fugitive Particulate Emissions from Hazardous Waste Sites NTIS PB87-232203 $19.95
Development of Chemical Compatibility Criteria for Reference Manual of Countermeasures for Hazardous Substance Releases NTIS PB87-232252 $25.95 Geosynthetic Design Guidance for Hazardous Waste Landfill Cells and Surface Impoundments NTIS PB88-131263 $25.95
Waste Minimization Audit Report: Case Studies of Minimization of Solvent Wastes and Electroplating Wastes at a DOD Installation The U.S. EPA's Office of Research and Development is supporting the development and evaluation of a model hazardous waste minimization audit (WMA) procedure. It uses the EPA hierarchy of waste minimization (WM) options, with source reduction being more desirable and recycle/reuse less desirable. Treatment options, although not considered WM, are evaluated if neither of the former alternatives is available. The WMA program has concentrated on ORD's top priority RCRA K and F waste list. Audits were conducted at generators of K071 and K106 wastes, K048-K052 wastes, F002-F004 wastes and F006 wastes. This WMA was carried out at a DOD installation. The audit was aimed at developing WM options for F002, F004, and F006 wastes. For their electroplating facility, three source reduction options and two recycle/reuse options were developed for cadmium/cyanide wastes and two source reduction options for chromium wastes. Implementation of these options could result in EPA delisting of the F006 wastes with a payback period from 4 to 21 months, depending on the choice of options. Savings in F006 waste disposal costs could amount to $120,000, annually. For their paint stripping solvent facilities, the WMA resulted in two source reduction
Superfund Remedial Design and Remedial Action
options yielding a payback from 6 to 8 months, with savings in waste solvent disposal costs of $53,000, annually. NTIS PB88-166780 $14.95.
Waste Minimization Audit Report: Case Studies of Minimization of Mercury-Bearing Wastes at a Mercury Cell Chloralkali Plant This WMA was carried out at two mercury cell chloralkali plants. These audits were aimed at developing WM options for K071 and K106 wastes generated at these plants. The mercury level in the high-volume K071 waste (brine treatment sludge) was too low to permit economical recovery and recycle. However, retorting of the K106 waste (mercurybearing wastewater treatment sludge) for mercury recovery and recycle is technically feasible. Six source reduction options for the K071 wastes were studied but only one was technically and/or economically feasible. This option was the replacement of mercury cells with the newer membrane cell which is highly capital intensive ($20 million). Two treatment options were considered for the K071 wastes with their implementation resulting in delisting of the waste, a savings in disposal costs ranging from $325,000 to $380,000, and a payback period ranging from 2 to 2.3 years. NTIS PB88166798 $19.95.
Superfund Remedial Design and Remedial Action Guidance This document provides assistance to EPA, states, Army Corps of Engineers, and private parties who plan, administer and manage remedial design and remedial action projects, to assure the projects are performed consistently and expeditiously. The document has been organized to reflect the general sequence of events that occurs prior to, during and after remedial design and remedial action at a Superfund site. NTIS PB88-107529 $18.95. Field Studies of In Situ Soil Washing The U.S. EPA and Air Force conducted a research program demonstrating the removal of hydrocarbons from a sandy soil utilizing in situ soil washing. A 50/50 blend of two commercially available surfactants was used to treat compounds with soil adsorption constants (K) between 10 and 1,000,000. Contaminants included dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, as well as aromatics. Results of the studies showed that the aqueous surfactant solutions were not measurably effective. It is likely that this same ineffectiveness would occur at other chronic spill sites with contaminants possessing high soil sorption values i.e., K>1,000. Finally, use of in situ soil washing would require treatment of the groundwater. NTIS PB88-146808 $14.95
Waste Minimization in the Printed Circuit Board Industry: Case Studies The effectiveness of various waste minimization practices or technologies in the printed circuit board and semiconductor manufacturing industries was evaluated. The most significant waste streams in these industries are waste halogenated solvents and metal bearing sludges. This report presents the findings of case studies conducted at five printed circuit board manufacturing facilities and one commercial treatment recovery facility. Two case studies focus on the recovery of spent halogenated solvents and the remaining four cases discuss the recovery or reduction of metal plating and etching process wastes. Technologies discussed include ultrafiltration, solvent distillation/fractionation, electrolysis, as well as reduction and precipitation. NTIS PB88-161575 $19.95.
Factors in Assessing the Compatibility of FMLs and Waste Liquids This project examined various factors in the compatibility of flexible membrane liners (FMLS) with waste liquids and other hazardous substances encountered at waste storage and disposal facilities. Factors examined included the swelling of FMLS and other FML-related compositions in organics, calculation of the solubility parameters of these compositions, distribution of organics between aqueous solutions (e.g. leachates and FMLS), and variables in EPA Method 9090 compatibility testing of FMLS and waste liquids. NTIS PB88-173372 $19.95.
Treatment Potential for 56 EPA Listed Hazardous Chemicals in Soil This report provides a quantitative evaluation of the treatment potential in soil for 56 hazardous chemicals, including PAHs, pesticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons,and miscellaneous chemicals. Results of the fate and transport predictions of two mathematical models (RITZ and VIP) were compared with laboratory and literature results in order to evaluate the ability of the models to predict chemical behavior in a soil system. NTIS PB88-174446 $19.95. Page 5
REQUEST FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER MATERIAL
PROCESS DESIGN MANUALS Phosphorus Removal (Sept. 1987). 1001 D Sludge Treatment and Disposal (Oct. 1979) 1011 0 Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems (Oct. 1980) 1012 0 Land Treatment of Municpal Wastewater (Oct. 1981) 1013 0 Supplement for Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater (Oct. 1984) 1013a D Dewatering Municipal Wastewater Sludges (Sept. 1987) 1014 0 Municipal Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (Oct. 1983) 1015 0 Land Application of Municipal Sludge (Oct. 1983) 1016 0 Electrostatic Precipitator Operation and Maintenance (Sept. 1985) 1017 Odor and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Sewerage Systems and Treatment Plants (Oct. 1985) 1018 0 Lime/Limestone FGD Inspection and Performance Evaluation Manual (Oct. 1985) 1019 Fabric Filter Operation and Maintenance (June 1986) 1020 0 Municipal Wastewater Disinfection (Oct. 1986) 1021 • Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems for Municipal Wastewater Treatment (Oct. 1988) 1022 0 TECHNICAL CAPSULE REPORTS First Progress Report: Wellman-Lord SO2 Recovery Process - Flue Gas Desulfurization Plant 2011 0 Recovery of Spent Sulfuric Acid from Steel Pickling Operations 2017 0 Fourth Progress Report: Forced-Oxidation Test Results at the EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility 2018 0 Particulate Control by Fabric Filtration on Coal-Fired industrial Boilers 2021 Bahco Flue Gas Desulfurization and Particulate Removal System 2022 First Progress Report: Physical Coal Cleaning Demonstration at Homer City, PA 2023 0 Acoustic Monitoring to Determine the Integrity of Hazardous Waste Dams 2024 0 Disposal of Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastes: Shawnee Field Evaluation 2028 0 Adipic Acid-Enhanced Lime/Limestone Test Results at the EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility 2029 0 Benefits of Microprocessor Control of Curing Ovens for Solvent Based Castings 2031 D
HANDBOOKS Industrial Guide for Air Pollution Control (June 1978) 6004 0 Remedial Action at Waste Disposal Sites (Oct. 1985) 6006 ( Identification/Correction of Typical Design Deficiencies at Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Oct. 1982) 6007 D Improving Publicly Owned Treatment Works Performance Using the Composite Correction Program Approach (Oct. 1984) 6008 Septage Treatment and Disposal (Oct. 1984) 6009 Estimating Sludge Management Costs at Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Oct. 1985) 60100 Permit Writers Guide to Test Burn Data: Hazardous Waste Incineration (Sept. 1986) 60120 Stream Sampling for Waste Load Allocation Applications (Sept. 1986) 6013 0 Control Technologies for Hazardous Air Pollutants (Sept. 1986) 6014 0 Underground Storage Tank Corrective Action Technologies (Jan. 1987) 60150 Ground Water (March 1987) 6016 0 Retrofitting POTWs for Phosphorus Removal in the Chesapeake Bay Drainage Area (Sept. 1987) 6017 0 INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL MANUAL • Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment (July 1988) 7003 D SUMMARY REPORTS Control and Treatment Technology for the Metal Finishing Industry Series: Sulfide Precipitation 8003 0 Sulfur Oxides Control Technology Series: FGD Dual Alkali Process 8004 O Sulfur Oxides Control Technology Series: FGD Lime/Limestone Processes 8006 0 Control and Treatment Technology for the Metal Finishing Industry Series: Ion Exchange 8007 O Control and Treatment Technology for the Metal Finishing Industry Series: In-Plant Changes 8008 Sulfur Oxides Control Technology Series: FGD Spray Dryer Process 8009 0 Fine Pore (Fine Bubble) Aeration Systems 8010 Technology Assessment of Sequencing Batch Reactors 80110 Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming 8012 Biomonitoring to Achieve Control of Toxic Effluents 8013 A Compendium of Technologies Used in the Treatment of Hazardous Wastes 8014 0
SEMINAR PUBLICATIONS 4014 0 Municipal Wastewater Sludge Combustion Technology 4015 Permitting Hazardous Waste Incinerators 40170 Meeting Hazardous Waste Requirements for Metal Finishers 4018 BROCHURES Environmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Reducing Water Pollution Control Costs in the Electroplating Industry 5016 0 Environmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Centralized Waste Treatment Alternatives for the Electroplating Industry 5017 0 Environmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Sludge Handling. Dewatering, and Disposal Alternatives for the Metal Finishing Industry 5018 0 Nitrogen Oxide Control for Stationary Combustion Sources 5020 User's Guide: Emission Control Technologies and Emission Factors for Unpaved Road Fugitive Emissions 5022 0
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vinar Publication: Corrective Actionshnologies and Applications (625/4-89/020) his publication provides information presented at a seminar 7s designed to address selection and application of nologies suitable for controlling and treating releases of rdous wastes or their constituents from RCRA treatment, ige and disposal facilities. Engineering considerations are Cussed for specific corrective measure technology ications including: Containment Options Chemical Treatment Processes Biological Treatment Processes Thermal Processes Separation Techniques Solidification/Stabilization Processes nformation is also provided on engineering factors to sider when conducting a Remedial Field Investigation in junction with a pre-screening approach for potential ective measure technology selection. The concluding tion of the publication addresses implementation strategies corrective measure technology applications.
Handbook: Guide to Technical Resources for the Design of Land Disposal Facilities(625/6-88/018) This Handbook has been developed to facilitate the preparation and processing of land disposal permit applications. It directs the regulated community and the regulators to the appropriate EPA technical resource documents, as they prepare or review permits required under PL 480 (RCRA). States and local governments as well as design engineers requiring information on both hazardous (Subtitle C) and nonhazardous (Subtitle D) waste facilities will quickly recognize what requirements (laws or policy) are to be met, why these requirements are necessary and where to find additional information on disposal facilities. Topics discussed in detail include: Foundations • Dike integrity and slope stability Liner systems Cover systems Run on/run-off controls While the subjects addressed in this Handbook are those that frequently arise in preparing and reviewing permit applications, the information and references provided may also be useful in designing and operating land disposal facilities, both hazardous and non-hazardous.
minar Publication: Solvent Waste Reduction ernatives (625/4-89/021) This publication contains edited versions of presentations on subject made at five seminars in the Spring of 1988. apters are included on land disposal regulations and uirements; waste solvent disposal alternatives from various ustries such as process equipment cleaning, parts cleaning, 1 coatings; on-site and off-site reclamation; reuse; and waste nimization. The community's right-to-know of the use of zardous waste by industry in a community is also dressed. Treatment alternatives are presented also.
minar Publication: Requirements for Hazardous aste Landfill Design, Construction and Closure 25/4-89/022)
Handbook: Guidance on Setting Permit Conditions and Reporting Trial Burn Results (625/6-89/019) This Handbook provides guidance for establishing operational conditions for incinerators. The document provides a means for state and local agencies to achieve a level of consistency in setting permit conditions that will result in establishment of more uniform permit conditions nationwide. It has been developed to assist permit writers in translating trial burn results into site-specific operational conditions in an incinerator permit. Contents include a detailed discussion of control parameters, design considerations, and suggested reporting formats. These parameters are presented in the document along with guidance on how to develop permit operating conditions using the trial burn data. The guidance will also assist applicants in planning trial burns to address the key operating parameters that must be measured and emphasize
This publication contains edited versions of the material esented at ten seminars conducted in 1988 on this subject. ctions are included on design of clay and flexible membrane ers, leachate collector systems, and landfill covers. onstruction quality assurance and control is discussed and cludes sections on clay and flexible membrane construction ocedures. Liner compatibility with wastes is discussed, along
modification or new construction. Removal processes for lea radon, volatile organics, synthetic organics and disinfectic by-products are discussed along with filtration, disinfectic and corrosion control technologies. These sessions are primarily intended for regional, sta and local drinking water regulatory personnel who appro plans for the construction of new or the upgrading of existir drinking water treatment facilities. Consulting engineers ar drinking water treatment equipment manufacturers will als find these workshops helpful. Plans are presently being made to hold two; workshop one in the East and one in the South East during late Augu and September, 1989. There is a small registration fee. Additional information ca be obtained by contracting; Jim Smith, USEPA-CERI, 26 V Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268
Seminar Series: Site Characterization For Ground Water Remediation
These two-day seminars will address the level of detail i site characterization that is necessary to control the certainit and specificity of ground-water remediations. Presentation will cover transport and fate issues and the state-of-the-a techniques that can used to address them. Included in thes discussions will be costs, benefits, operational details an limitations of site characterization techniques, as well a ramifications of their use in terms of associated issues, such as the allocation of liability, cost recovery and compliance monitoring. Topics will include: characterization of water movement in the subsurface; determining the extent and manitude o contamination in the subsurface; characterization o subsurface physiochemical and degradation processes characterization of spacial and temporal variability o subsurface processes; use of models in site characterization applications and limitations of in-situ soils remediation; and aquifer restoration - applications.and limitations.. There is no registration fee for these seminars. A seminai will be offerred in each EPA Region, October 1989 through February 1990. For further information. contact Carol Grove USEPA-CERI, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati Ohio 45268.
Future Technology Transfer Meetings Workshop Series: Emerging Technologies for Upgrading Existing or Designing New Drinking Water Treatment Facilities These two-day workshops are sponsored and organized by alocal sections of AWWA and EPA's Regional Offices, as well as the Offices of Drinking Water and Research and Development. They present technical information on proven technologies to encourage their use in either plans for process
Seminar Series: Fine Pore Aeration Systems Three two-day seminars addressing fine pore aeration systems for municipal wastewater treatment are scheduled. They will be held in the following locations: Philadelphia, PA August 15-16, 1990 Chicago, IL November 13-14, 1990 San Francisco, CA November 15-16, 1990
Cantar da. Environmental onnoah
Third International Conference on New Frontiers for Hazardous Waste Management
The seminars will cover material developed for a new Technology Transfer manual on Fine Pore Aeration Systems, which will be made available at this year's Water Pollution Control Federation Convention in San Francisco, CA, in October. The manual addresses all aspects of designing and operating fine pore aeration systems. In addition, a chapter is devoted to automated control, another includes extensive case histories of fine pore installations, and another presents methodologies for cost evaluations. There is no registration fee for these seminars. For further information. contact Denis Lussier, USEPA-CERI, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
This conference will feature technologies currently being developed to treat hazardous waste materials. The major topics to be addressed include: thermal treatment, physical/chemical treatment, waste minimization, biological treatment, solidification/stabilization, and land disposal. The program will feature scientists and engineers from fourteen countries. Also featured will be 93 exhibitors that provide environmental engineering and consulting services. The conference is jointly sponsored by the U.S. EPA, American Academy of Environmental Engineers, United Nations Environment Programme, World Federation of Engineering Organizations and NUS Corporation. The conference will be held in Pittsburgh, PA, September 10-13, 1989. The registration fee is $325 if registered before August 25 and $395 after August 25. For further information contact Marilyn Diethorn, NUS Corporation, Park West Two, Pittsburgh, PA, 15275 or call at 412-788-1080.
Seminars: QA/QC Procedures for Hazardous Waste Incineration
Three two-day workshops will address process monitoring, sampling, and analytical procedures for testing and sampling hazardous waste incinerators. The workshops are primarily intended for RCRA permit writers and permit applicants for hazardous waste incinerators. Others associated with the permitting of these incinerators, such as plant managers, consulting engineers, etc., will also benefit from attendance at these workshops. The workshops will be held in the following locations: San Francisco, CA August 9-10, 1989 Kansas City, MO August 14-15, 1989 Atlanta, GA August 17-18, 1989 For further information, content Justice Manning, USEPA- CERI, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
Workshop on Risk Assessment, Management and Communication of Drinking Water Contamination This workshop series is a modified version of a series of 14 previously conducted. These workshops are sponsored by local sections of AWWA in cooperation with U.S. EPA Regional Offices. Topics include information on health effects of contaminant; an approach to risk assessment, risk communication; abatement of lead, biological contamination, particulates, organics, and radon; as well as corrosion control. Each workshop attendee participates in a hands-on case study designed to illustrate the elements of risk assessment, communication and management. Participants who can benefit from attending this program include: regional, state and local drinking water regulatory personnel who work in the health and technology areas related to.the construction of new or the upgrading of existing drinking water treatment facilities, or who must respond to contamination incidents. A workshop is scheduled for August 16-17, 1989 in the Boston area; and one is planned for Fall 1989 in the New Orleans area. There is a small registration fee. Additional information can be obtained by contacting: Jim Smith, USEPA-CERI, 26 W. Martin.Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH
The SITE Program and Information In 1986, EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response and Office of Research and Development established the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation or SITE program. The purpose is to assist technology developers in the evaluation of innovative treatment, measurement and monitoring technologies. Through treatment technology demonstrations, the SITE program seeks to encourage the use of innovative technologies at Superfund and other hazardous waste sites to achieve more permanent protection of human health and the environment. Under the program, EPA jointly conducts full or pilot-scale technology demonstration and evaluation projects with a developer, usually at a Superfund site. The developer demonstrates the technology, while EPA evaluates performance of the technology, its reliability and costs. In addition, EPA is assisting private industry in developing emerging treatment technologies from the conceptual stage to engineering scale through one or two-year cost-sharing agreements. EPA is documenting the SITE demonstration results in reports to be made available to Federal, State and private cleanup managers and other interested parties. EPA prepares two reports concerning each technology field demonstration. The Technology Evaluation Report details the actual field demonstration, and the Applications Analysis Report gives an in-depth discussion of the general performance and applicability of each technology based on data from the demonstration as well as other sources. The SITE program is in its third year, and there are currently 29 participants in the Demonstration Program, offering technologies that include solvent extraction, soils washing, thermal destruction, in-situ steam and air stripping, biological treatment, and solidification/stabilization. Ten field demonstrations have been completed, and approximately 10 more are scheduled before the end of this calendar year. The first seven emerging technologies projects have been underway for almost a year. Page 6
University of California at Los Angeles Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory Yoram Cohen Joseph Behar 213/825-8766 COM: 702/798-2100 FTS: 545-2216 Page 7
REQUEST FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER MATERIAL
OCESS DESIGN MANUALS sphorus Removal (Sept. 1987) site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems (Oct. 1980) d Treatment of Municpal Wastewater (Oct. 1981) pplement for Land Treatment of Municipall Wastewater (Oct. 1984) vatering Municipal Wastewater Sludges (Sept. 1987) nicipal Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (Oct. 1983) d Application of Municipal Sludge (Oct. 1983) ctrostatic Precipitator Operation and Maintenance (Sept. 1985) or and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Sewerage Systems and Treatment Plants (Oct. 1985) ne/Limestone FGD Inspection and Performance Evaluation Manual (Oct. 1985) oric Filter Operation and Maintenance (June 1986) nicipal Wastewater Disinfection (Oct. 1986) onstructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems for Municipal Wastewater Treatment (Oct. 1988)
625/1-87/001 625/1-80/012 0 625/1-81/013 0 625/1-81/013a 0 625/1-87/014 0 625/1-83/015 0 625/1-83/016 0 625/1-85/017 0 625/1-85/018 0 625/1-85/019 0 625/1-86/020 625/1-86/021 625/1-88/022
ECHNICAL CAPSULE REPORTS st Progress Report: Physical Coal Cleaning Demonstration at Homer City, PA oustic Monitoring to Determine the Integrity of Hazardous Waste Dams sposal of Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastes: Shawnee Field Evaluation ipic Acid-Enhanced Lime/Limestone Test Results at the EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility nefits of Microprocessor Control of Curing Ovens for Solvent Based Coatings
625/2-77/011 625/2-78/017 625/2-78/018 625/2-79/021 625/2-79/022 625/2-79/023 625/2-79/024 625/2-80/028 625/2-82/029 0 625/2-84/031
EMINAR PUBLICATIONS Requirements for Hazardous Waste Landfill Design, Construction and Closure
625/4-85/014 625/4-85/015 625/4-87/017 625/4-87/018 625/4-89/020 0 625/4-89/021 625/4-89/022
ROCHURES nvironmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Reducing Water Pollution Control Costs - Electroplating nvironmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Centralized Waste Treatment Alternatives - Electroplating itrogen Oxide Control for Stationary Combustion Sources ser's Guide: Emission Control Technologies/Emission Factors for Unpaved Road Fugitive Emissions
HANDBOOKS 625/6-85/006 Identification/Correction of Typ. Design Deficiencies at Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Oct. 1982) 625/6-82/007 Septage Treatment and Disposal (Oct. 1984) 625/6-84/009 Estimating Sludge Management Costs at Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Oct. 1985) 625/6-85/010 Permit Writers Guide to Test Burn Data: Hazardous Waste Incineration (Sept. 1986) 625/6-86/012 Stream Sampling for Waste Load Allocation Appl. (Sept. 1986) 625/6-86/013 Control Technologies for Hazardous Air Pollutants (Sept. 1986) 625/6-86/014 Ground Water (March 1987) 625/6-87/016 Retrofitting POTWs for Phosphorus Removal in the Chesapeake Bay Drainage Area (Sept. 1987) 625/6-87/017 Guide to Technical Resources for the Design of Land Disposal Facilities (Dec. 1988) 625/6-88/018 Guidance on Setting Permit Conditions and Reporting Trial Burn Results (Jan. 1989) 625/6-89/019 • Retrofitting POTWs (July 1989) 625/6-89/020
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL MANUAL Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment (July 1988)
SUMMARY REPORTS Control and Treatment Technology for the Metal Finishing Industry Series: Ion Exchange Control and Treatment Technology for the Metal Finishing Industry Series: In-Plant Changes Sulfur Oxides Control Technology Series: FGD Spray Dryer Process Fine Pore (Fine Bubble) Aeration Systems Technology Assessment of Sequencing Batch Reactors Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming Biomonitoring to Achieve Control of Toxic Effluents Compendium of Technologies Used in Treatment of Hazardous Wastes
625/8-80/003 0 625/8-80/004 625/8-81/006 ( 625/8-81/007 ( 625/8-82/008 625/8-82/009 625/8-85/010 625/8-86/011 625/8-877012 0 625/8-87/0130 625/8-87/014
EXECUTIVE BRIEFINGS • Experiences in Incineration Applicable to Superfund Site Remediation Volumetric Tank Testing: An Overview
625/9-85/006 625/9-89/007 625/9-88/008 625/9-89/009 0
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY PUBLICATIONS
625/10-85/001 O 625/10-84/003 0 625/10-84/004 O 625/10-86/005 0
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Clarence Clemons (content)
Immobilization Technologies at Hazardous | October 16-17, 1989 Waste Sites October 18-19, 1989 October 30-31, 1989 November 1-2, 1989 November 13-14, 1989 November 15-16, 1989 December 4-5, 1989 December 6-7, 1989 January 8-9, 1990 January 10-11, 1990
Chicago, IL Kansas City, MO Atlanta, GA New York, NY Boston, MA Philadelphia, PA Seattle, WA San Francisco, CA Dallas, TX Denver, CO
New Technology Transfer Publications [use form in back to order by number in parentheses]
Design Manual: Fine Pore Aeration Systems (625/189/023)
document. Section 2 addresses the basis for the stabilization/solidification of hazardous waste. Section 3 presents state-of-the-art stabilization/solidification technologies. Section 4 discusses the physical testing methods used to characterize solid and hazardous wastes before and after stabilization/solidification. Section 5 addresses chemical testing procedures and includes an overview of leaching mechanisms. leach test methods and applications, factors affecting results, and the selection and interpretation of leach tests. Section 6 provides information on technology screening. Finally, Section 7 discusses the proper application of stabilization/solidification processes and the site conditions that can determine if a particular stabilization/solidification process is appropriate.
This manual presents the best current practices for selecting, designing, operating, maintaining, and controlling fine pore aeration systems used in the treatment of municipal wastewater. It was prepared by the American Society of Civil Engineers Committee on Oxygen Transfer under a cooperative agreement from EPA. Chapters are included on fine pore diffuser characterization, process water performance, operation and maintenance, design and installation, control systems, economic anaysis, and case histories. The case histories chapter presents detailed information on 13 fine pore aeration installations, including: 1) why fine pore aeration was selected, 2) type of plant and wastewater, 3) fine pore diffusion system selected, 4) how the system performed, and 5) benefits from employing fine pore aeration.
Summary Report: Biomonitoring for Control of Toxic Effluent Discharges to the Marine Environment (625/889/015) This publication describes the use of biological monitoring as an effective water ity-based pproach to controlling toxic discharges to marine waters. It describes the test methods used to determine the effects of whole effluents on survival, growth, and reproduction of several marine test species. In addition, it describes test species and methods for in-situ biomonitoring, case studies to outline procedures, and application of data for NPDES permit requirements.
Seminar Publication: Transport and Fate of Contaminants in the Subsurface (625/4-89/019)
Summary Report: In-Vessel Composting of Municipal Wastewater Sludge (625/8-89/016)
This publication is based on a series of technology transfer seminars that were conducted in all ten EPA Regions between October 1987 and February 1988. The document provides an overview of many of the issues associated with the physical, chemical and biological processes that control contaminant transport in the subsurface. Additional topics include a summary of modeling approaches used to make predictions about the transport and fate of contaminants and management considerations important to subsurface transport and fate issues. This information will assist decision makers in selecting effective ground-water remedial technologies, which are highly dependent on site-specific knowledge of the influence of transport processes on contaminant levels.
This publication brings-together and evaluates information on eight representative full-scale in-vessel composting systems and provides guidance for engineers and municipal officials on the parameters important in the procurement, selection, design and operation of a successful in-vessel composting system. The information presented should be of major benefit to those involved in the evaluation, design and/or approval of municipal wastewater systems, and will be especially beneficial to those involved in innovative/alternative technology applications. Major sections are: Project Planning Considerations, Design Considerations, Operations Considerations, and Presentation of the Case Studies.
Handbook: Stabilization/Solidification of CERCLA and RCRA Wastes (625/6-89/022)
This Handbook provides U.S. EPA regional staff responsible for reviewing CERCLA remedial action plans and RCRA permit applications with a tool for interpreting information on stabilization/solidification treatment. As a practical day-to-day reference guide, it will also provide technical and professional people working in the stabilization/solidification field, with a quick update on stabilizaton/solidification. This Handbook has been written and organized to provide the reader with an informative, yet quick reference-type
Executive Briefing: Experience in Incineration Applicable to Superfund Site Remediation (625/988/008) This resource document provides information on incineration as a treatment option for hazardous waste site remediation. State and local governments and municipalities with hazardous waste disposal problems can use the document Page 8
to better understand issues posed by incineration and to develop an appreciation for state-of-the-art incineration technology. Operating experiences from on-site incineration practices and discussions on the utility of on-site incineration versus the problems and expense of transporting hazardous material off-site to commercial incinerators will also be of immediate value. Included in the document is information on various types of incineration technology, the effect of waste characteristics on technology selection, experience gained in the operation of incinerators, and issues affecting the implementation of incineration. The document presents useful lessons applicable to the evaluation and selection process as it pertains to incineration, guidance for good operating practice, and information useful in the planning and initiation of remedies based on incineration technology.
contaminants, an approach to risk assessment, risk communication, and abatement of lead, biological contaminations, particulates, organics, and radon as well as corrosion control. Current regulatory initiatives are discussed, as well as an update of the Office of Drinking Water's Health Advisory Program. Each workshop attendee participates in a hands-on case study designed to illustrate the elements of risk assessment, communication and management. Other topics that will be included are health effects and risk assessment of munitions chemicals, cleanup issues at munitions contaminated sites and bioremediation. Participants who can benefit from attending this program include: regional, state and local drinking water regulatory personnel who work in the health and technology areas related to the construction of new or the upgrading of existing drinking water treatment facilities, or who must respond to contamination incidents. The program should also be of interest to consultants and drinking water utility staff actively engaged in the design, operation and/or upgrading of their treatment systems. Two workshops have been held this year: May 1-2, 1989 in Eugene, Oregon, and August 16-17, 1989 in Framingham, Massachusetts. The next scheduled workshop is November 68, 1989 in New Orleans, Louisiana. Additional workshops are comtemplated during 1990. There is a small registration fee. for these workshops Additional information can be obtained by contacting: Jim Smith, USEPA-CERI, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
Environmental Regulations and Technology Report: Control of Pathogens in Municipal Wastewater Sludge (625/10-89/006) This document describes the Federal requirements promulgated in 1979 for reducing pathogens in wastewater sludge and provides guidance in determining whether individual sludge treatment systems provide the level of pathogen and vector control mandated for particular land application settings. It should be noted that while 40 CFR Part 257 was promulgated in 1979, it was not until the Agency's 1984 Municipal Sludge Policy was developed and the Water Quality Act of 1987 was passed with its 405 (d) (4) program, requiring interim permitting of sludge management programs, that enforcement via the NPDES Permit System occurred. This publication is intended for owners/operators of municipal wastewater treatment works, developers/marketers of sludge treatment processes, groups that distribute and market sludge products, individuals involved in applying sludge to land, and government officials responsible for implementing and enforcing the land application regulations. Major sections of the document are: pathogen reduction; processes to significantly reduce pathogens (PSRP); processes to further reduce pathogens (PFRP); determining equivalency of sludge treatment processes to PSRPs and PFRPs (including how one applies for equivalency) and relationship between the proposed 503 sludge land application regulations and the PEC's Criteria for Equivalency.
Seminar Series: Wastewater Treatment Plant Toxicity Evaluation, Reduction and Control
These two-day seminars will present methods for identifying toxic pollutants in waste streams and technology available for toxicity reduction and control. Case studies will be presented on toxicity reduction evaluations performed at municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. It is intended for regulatory personnel, laboratory personnel, permit holders and consultants to gain knowledge on performing evaluations and controlling toxicants. The seminars will be held at the following locations: Cincinnati, OH November 16-17, 1989 Chicago, IL December 7-8, 1989 San Francisco, CA January 18-19, 1990 Jacksonville, FL March 1-2, 1990 Dallas, TX March 15-16, 1990 Boston, MA May 24-25, 1990 Charlotte, NC June 7-8, 1990 Trenton, NJ June 21-22, 1990 Baltimore, MD July 19-20, 1990 For further information, contact Orville Macomber, USEPA, CERI, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr. Cincinnati, OH 45268
Future Technology Transfer Meetings
Workshop Series: Health Considerations, Treatment Technologies and Risk Communication/Perception (Drinking Water) This series is a modified version of 14 previously conducted workshops entitled, "Assessment and Management of Drinking Water Contamination." It is typically sponsored by a local section of the American Water Works Association (AWWA) in cooperation with the local environmental health association, a local university and the U.S. EPA Regional Office and Offices of Drinking Water and Research and Development. It is designed to provide uniform and consistent approaches and processes nationwide for those officials involved in determining, communicating about and managing drinking water contamination incidents. Lecture topics include information on health effects of
Seminar Series: Design and Construction of Final Covers for Landfills and Surface Impoundments.
These two-day seminars are intended to present information on federal requirements for design and construction of final covers for landfills and surface impoundments. Emphasis will be on specific design considerations for covers that will assure performance to meet future environmental conditions. Alternative cap designs will
Seminar Series: Site Characterization For GroundWater Remediation
Three two-day workshops address the advantages, disadvantages, and limittations of the various on-site treatment technologies and off-site disposal options for medical waste. Material presented will provide in-depth coverage of medical and special waste incineration, technology, emissions, operations, and regulatory issues. They will be held in the following locations: The goal is to provide hospitals and other institutions a foundation for selecting and implementing the best, most cost-effective waste treatment or incineration program. Providence, RI October 17-18, 1989 Baton Rouge, LA December 7-8, 1989 Kansas City, MO December 13-14, 1989 San Francisco, CA January 25-26, 1990 Tallahassee, FL February 15-16, 1990 There is no registration fee for these seminars. For further information. contact Justice Manning, USEPA-CERI, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
These two-day seminars will address the level of detail in site characterization that is necessary to control the certainity and specificity of ground-water remediations. Presentations will cover transport and fate issues and the state-of-the-art techniques that can used to address them. Included in these discussions will be costs, benefits, operational details and limitations of site characterization techniques, as well as ramifications of their use in terms of associated issues, such as the allocation of liability, cost recovery and compliance monitoring. Topics will include: characterization of water movement in the subsurface; determining the extent and magnitude of contamination in the subsurface; characterization of subsurface physiochemical and degradation processes; characterization of spacial and temporal variability of subsurface processes; use of models in site characterization; applications and limitations of in-situ soils remediation; and aquifer restoration - applications.and limitations.. There is no registration fee for these seminars. A seminar will be offerred in each EPA Region, October 1989 through February 1990. For further information. contact Carol Grove, USEPA-CERI, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. Locations and dates for the seminars are:
The Superfund Innovative Technology EPA is required to submit a report to Congress annually on the progress and results of the SITE program. This second report presents the accomplishments during FY 1988 and covers October 1987-December 1988. During this period 5 field demonstrations were completed, 11 additional technology developers were accepted into the Demonstration Program, and the first seven technologies were selected for the Emerging Technologies Program. This Report EPA/540/589-009 is available from: ORD Publications 26 W. MLK Drive Cincinnati, OH 45268
October 3-4, 1989 October 5-6, 1989 Octover 17-18, 1989 October 19-20, 1989 November 27-28, 1989 November 29-30, 1989 January 16-17, 1990 January 18-19, 1990 February 5-6, 1990 February 7-8, 1990
Seminar Series: Fine Pore Aeration Systems Three two-day seminars addressing fine pore aeration systems for municipal wastewater treatment are scheduled. They will be held in the following locations: Chicago, IL November 13-14, 1989 San Francisco, CA November 15-16, 1989 The seminars will cover material developed for a new Technology Transfer manual on Fine Pore Aeration Systems, which will be made available at this year's Water Pollution Control Federation Convention in San Francisco, CA, in October. The manual addresses all aspects of designing and operating fine pore aeration systems. In addition, chapters are included on automated control, another includes extensive case histories of fine pore installations, and another presents methodologies for cost evaluations.
PROCESS DESIGN MANUALS Phosphorus Removal (Sept. 1987) Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems (Oct. 1980) Land Treatment of Municpal Wastewater (Oct. 1981) Supplement for Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater (Oct. 1984) Dewatering Municipal Wastewater Sludges (Sept. 1987) Municipal Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (Oct. 1983) Land Application of Municipal Sludge (Oct. 1983) Electrostatic Precipitator Operation and Maintenance (Sept. 1985) Odor and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Sewerage Systems and Treatment Plants (Oct. 1985)Lime/Limestone FGD Inspection and Performance Evaluation Manual (Oct. 1985) Fabric Filter Operation and Maintenance (June 1986) Municipal Wastewater Disinfection (Oct. 1986) Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems for Municipal Wastewater Treatment (Oct. 1988) • Fine Pore Aeration Systems (Oct. 1989)
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TECHNICAL CAPSULE REPORTS First Progress Report: Wellman-Lord SO2 Recovery Process Flue Gas Desulfurization Plant Recovery of Spent Sulfuric Acid from Steel Pickling Operations Fourth Progress Report: Forced-Oxidation Test Results at the EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility Particulate Control by Fabric Filtration on Coal-Fired Industrial Boilers Bahco Flue Gas Desulfurization and Particulate Removal System .. First Progress Report: Physical Coal Cleaning Demonstration at Homer City, PA Acoustic Monitoring to Determine the Integrity of Hazardous Waste Dams Disposal of Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastes: Shawnee Field Evaluation Adipic Acid-Enhanced Lime/Limestone Test Results at the EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility Benefits of Microprocessor Control of Curing Ovens for Solvent Based Coatings
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SEMINAR PUBLICATIONS Permitting Hazardous Waste Incinerators Meeting Hazardous Waste Requirements for Metal Finishers • Transport and Fate of Contaminants in the Subsurface Corrective Actions - Technologies and Applications Solvent Waste Reduction Alternatives Requirements for Hazardous Waste Landfill Design, Construction and Closure
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BROCHURES Environmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Reducing Water Pollution Control Costs - Electroplating Environmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Centralized Waste Treatment Alternatives - Electroplating Nitrogen Oxide Control for Stationary Combustion Sources User's Guide: Emission Control Technologies/Emission Factors for Unpaved Road Fugitive Emissions
625/5-85/016 0 625/5-81/017 625/5-86/020 O 625/5-87/022
HANDBOOKS Remedial Action at Waste Disposal Sites (Oct. 1985) 625/6-85/006 ( Identification/Correction of Typ. Design Deficiencies at Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Oct. 1982) 625/6-82/007 Septage Treatment and Disposal (Oct. 1984) 625/6-84/009 Estimating Sludge Management Costs at Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities (Oct. 1985) 625/6-85/010 Permit Writers Guide to Test Burn Data: Hazardous Waste Incineration (Sept. 1986) 625/6-86/012 Stream Sampling for Waste Load Allocation Appl. (Sept. 1986) 625/6-86/013 Control Technologies for Hazardous Air Pollutants (Sept. 1986) 625/6-86/014 Ground Water (March 1987) 625/6-87/016 Retrofitting POTWs for Phosphorus Removal in the Chesapeake Bay Drainage Area (Sept. 1987) 625/6-87/017 Guide to Technical Resources for the Design of Land Disposal Facilities (Dec. 1988) 625/6-88/018 Guidance on Setting Permit Conditions and Reporting Trial Burn Results (Jan. 1989) 625/6-89/019 Retrofitting POTWs (July 1989) 625/6-89/020 Stabilization/Solidification of CERCLA and RCRA Wastes(July 1989) 625/6-89/022
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL MANUAL Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment (July 1988)
SUMMARY REPORTS Control and Treatment Technology for the Metal Finishing Industry Series: lon Exchange Control and Treatment Technology for the Metal Finishing Industry Series: In-Plant Changes Sulfur Oxides Control Technology Series: FGD Spray Dryer Process Fine Pore (Fine Bubble) Aeration Systems Technology Assessment of Sequencing Batch Reactors Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming Biomonitoring to Achieve Control of Toxic Effluents Compendium of Technologies Used in Treatment of Hazardous Wastes • Biomonitoring for Control of Toxic Effluent Discharges to the Marine Environment In-Vessel Composting of Municipal Wastewater Sludge
625/8-80/003 625/8-80/004 625/8-81/006 625/8-81/007 625/8-82/008 625/8-82/009 625/8-85/010 625/8-86/011 625/8-87/012 625/8-87/013 625/8-87/014 625/8-89/015 625/8-89/016
EXECUTIVE BRIEFINGS Experiences in Incineration Applicable to Superfund Site Remediation Volumetric Tank Testing: An Overview
625/9-85/006 625/9-89/007 625/9-88/008 625/9-89/009
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY PUBLICATIONS
625/10-85/001 625/10-84/004 625/10-86/005 625/10-89/006
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City/State/Zip Code • Publication listed for first time. Forward to: CERI, Technology Transfer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 12505, Cincinnati, OH 45212. Page 9
Peer Consultants (registration)
Immobilization Technologies at Hazardous October 16-17, 1989 Waste Sites
Chicago, IL Kansas City, MO Atlanta, GA New York, NY Boston, MA Philadelphia, PA Seattle, WA San Francisco, CA Dallas, TX Denver, CO Page 10
utility personnel along with consultants, manufacturers and academicians regula attend this meeting. As part of the exhibit, ORD and ODW display and make available to participan many publications that are pertinent to t Agency's Drinking Water Program. At la year's meeting almost 5,000 ORD publications were requested by visitors the booth.
By attending these seminars, PEP manufacturers, handlers, users, consultants, regulators, and the general public will gain knowledge of incineration and alternative treatment methods for energetic compounds. No fee is charged for attending this seminar. For registration information contact Denise Gaffey at 617-641-5317. For technical information contact Justice Manning at 513-569-7349. Locations and dates for the seminars are as follow. Seattle, WA June 5-7, 1990 Chicago, IL June 19-21, 1990 Kansas City, MO June 26-28, 1990 Edison, NJ July 17-19, 1990 Sacramento, CA July 24-26, 1990 Philadelphia, PA Sept. 4-6, 1990 Atlanta, GA Sept. 11-13, 1990 Denver, CO Sept. 25-27, 1990
Seminar Series: Design and These two-day seminars will present information on the proper design and construction of final covers for RCRA waste management facilities and CERCLA sites. Seminar attendees will gain a better understanding of regulatory requirements; cover components; construction practices, including quality assurance and quality control methods; characteristics of soils, geosynthetics and other materials; and hydrologic and water routing processes. These seminars are intended for federal and state personnel involved in evaluating and permitting RCRA hazardous waste facility and CERCLA site closures. In addition, these seminars will be valuable to the design and construction community. No fee is charged for attending this seminar. The seminars will be held at the following locations: Atlanta, GA July 17-18, 1990 Philadelphia, PA July 18-19, 1990 Boston, MA July 19-20, 1990 Dallas, TX July 24-25, 1990 Kansas City, MO July 25-26, 1990 Denver, CO July 26-27, 1990 New York, NY Aug. 13-14, 1990 Chicago, IL Aug. 14-15, 1990 Seattle, WA Aug. 15-16, 1990 San Francisco, CA Aug. 16-17, 1990 For registration information, contact Trisha Hasch at 617-641-5321. For seminar content, contact Dan Murray at 513-569-7347.
Seminar Series: Organic Emissions from Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities The 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act require standards for the monitoring and control of air emissions from hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDFs) as necessary to protect human health and the environment. These regulations are being promulgated in three phases. The first phase covers organic emissions from process vents and equipment leaks at such facilities. Hazardous waste facilities emit nearly 10 percent of all organic emissions from stationary sources nationwide. Organic emissions contribute to tropospheric ozone formation, a significant national problem for which EPA is pursuing controls. Organic emissions from TSDFs also may contain a variety of toxins such as carbon tetrachloride, acrylonitrile, and benzene. Accordingly, air emission regulations are being developed for numerous source categories at TSDF, including tanks, containers, certain surface impoundments, and fixation processes, as well as process vents associated with distillation/separation units, and equipment leaks. Control of ozone precursors and reduction of the toxicity potential of organic emissions are the goals of these first phase standards. This series of ten seminars, cosponsored with the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, will present control options and regulation requirements applicable to TSDFs. Each seminar will be three days, with the third day for regulatory agency personnel only. Two of these seminars have been scheduled: Boston, MA Aug. 28-29, 1990 New York, NY Sept. 11-12, 1990 The schedule for the remaining seminars may be obtained by contacting Peer Consultants, Inc. (513) 252-1222.
Information Available From The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE Program The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 provided for fede funding to respond to releases of hazardous substances to air, water or lar The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program resulted from the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) whic added an "Alternative or Innovative Treatment Technology Research and Demonstration Program" to Title Ill of CERCLA. The SITE Demonstration Program, conducted jointly by EPA's Office of Research and Development and Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, has as its major thrust the documentation of reliable performance and cost information for innovative alternative technologies. With this information new technologies may be more adequately considered for cleanup of Superfund sites The demonstration projects identify limitations of the technology, the need for pre- or post-treatment of wastes, applicable wastes and waste media, potential operating problems, and the approximate cost of applying the technology. Currently, the program is beginning is fifth year with 38 active projects. Eight of these projects involve solidification/stabilization, nine concentrat on thermal processes, five are biological processes, and the remaining 16 include physical/chemical separation and treatment techniques. Reports have been published for completed demonstration projects: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Evaluation Report: SITE Program Demonstration Test, Shirco Infrared Incineration System Peak Oil, Brandon, Florida - Volume 1, Cincinnati, Ohio, September 1988, EPA/540/588/002a.
AWWA National Meeting and The Offices of Research and Development and Drinking Water will again cooperate in an exhibit at the June 17-21, 1990 American Water Works Association National Meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio. Approximately 11,000 state and
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Shirco Infrared Incineration System: Applications Analysis Report, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 1989, EPA 540/A5-89/010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Evaluation Report: SITE Program Demonstration Test - The American Combustion Pyretron Thermal Destruction System at the U.S. EPA'S Combustion Research Facility, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1989, EPA/540/5-89/008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Evaluation Report: SITE Program Demonstration Test, HAZCON Solidification, Douglassville, Pennsylvania, Cincinnati, Ohio, March 1989, EPA/540/5- 89/001. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, HAZCON Solidification Process, Douglassville, PA: Applications Analysis
Report, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 1989, EPA Technology Evaluation Report: SITE Program Demonstration Test, Terra Vac In Situ Vacuum Extraction System, Groveland, Massachusetts - Volume 1, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1989, EPA/540/5- 89/003a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Terra Vac In Situ Vacuum Extraction System: Applications Analysis Report, Cincinnati, Ohio, July 1989, EPA 540/A5- 89/003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Evaluation Report: SITE Program Demonstration Test, International Waste Technologies In Situ Stabilization/Solidification, Hialeah, Florida, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 1989, EPA/540/5-89/004a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Evaluation Report: CP Systems Organics Extractor System, New Bedford, Massachusetts, Cincinnati, Ohio, January 1990, EPA/540/5-90/002.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Evaluation Report: SITE Program Demonstration of the Ultrox International Ultraviolet Radiation/Oxidation Technology, Cincinnati, Ohio, January 1990, EPA/540/5-89/012. In addition, the following program EPA/540/5-89/013. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, The Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program, Progress and Accomplishments Fiscal Year 1989, A Third Report to Congress. Cincinnati, Ohio, March 1990, EPA/540/5-90/001.
Technology Transfer Meetings
REQUEST FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER MATERIAL
PROCESS DESIGN MANUALS Phosphorus Removal (Sept. 1987) Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems (Oct. 1980) Land Treatment of Municpal Wastewater (Oct. 1981) Supplement for Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater (Oct. 1984) Dewatering Municipal Wastewater Sludges (Sept. 1987) Municipal Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (Oct. 1983) Land Application of Municipal Sludge (Oct. 1983) Electrostatic Precipitator Operation and Maintenance (Sept. 1985) Odor and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Sewerage Systems and Treatment Plants (Oct. 1985) Lime/Limestone FGD Inspection and Performance Evaluation Manual (Oct. 1985) Fabric Filter Operation and Maintenance (June 1986) Municipal Wastewater Disinfection (Oct. 1986) Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems for Municipal Wastewater Treatment (Oct. 1988) Fine Pore Aeration Systems (Oct. 1989)
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TECHNICAL CAPSULE REPORTS Particulate Control by Fabric Filtration on Coal-Fired Industrial Boilers Bahco Flue Gas Desulfurization and Particulate Removal System First Progress Report: Physical Coal Cleaning Demonstration at Homer City, PA Acoustic Monitoring to Determine the Integrity of Hazardous Waste Dams Disposal of Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastes: Shawnee Field Evaluation Adipic Acid-Enhanced Lime/Limestone Test Results at the EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility Benefits of Microprocessor Control of Curing Ovens for Solvent Based Coatings
625/2-79/021 625/2-79/022 625/2-79/023 625/2-79/024 625/2-80/028 625/2-82/029 625/2-84/031
SEMINAR PUBLICATIONS Requirements for Hazardous Waste Landfill Design, Construction and Closure Technologies for Upgrading Existing or Designing New Drinking Water Treatment Facilities Risk Assessment, Management and Communication of Drinking Water Contamination
625/4-87/017 D
BROCHURES Environmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Reducing Water Pollution Control Costs - Electroplating Nitrogen Oxide Control for Stationary Combustion Sources User's Guide: Emission Control Technologies/Emission Factors for Unpaved Road Fugitive Emissions • Environmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Drinking Water Treatment for Small Communities
625/5-85/016
HANDBOOKS
625/6-84/009 D 625/6-86/012 O 625/6-86/013 0 625/6-86/014
HANDBOOKS (continued) • Hazardous Waste Incineration Measurement Guidance (June 1989) Stabilization/Solidification of CERCLA and RCRA Wastes (July 1989) • Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) Procedures for Hazardous Waste Incineration (Jan. 1990) • Operation and Maintenance of Hospital Waste Incinerators (January 1990) • Assessing the Geochemical Fate of Deep-Well Injected Hazardous Waste (June 1990) Reference Guide
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INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL MANUAL Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment (July 1988)
SUMMARY REPORTS Sulfur Oxides Control Technology Series: FGD Dual Alkali Process Control and Treatment Technology for the Metal Finishing Industry Series: Ion Exchange Control and Treatment Technology for the Metal Finishing Industry Series: In-Plant Changes Sulfur Oxides Control Technology Series: FGD Spray Dryer Process Fine Pore (Fine Bubble) Aeration Systems Technology Assessment of Sequencing Batch Reactors Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming Biomonitoring to Achieve Control of Toxic Effluents Compendium of Technologies Used in Treatment of Hazardous Wastes Biomonitoring for Control of Toxic Effluent Discharges to the Marine Environment In-Vessel Composting of Municipal Wastewater Sludge • Optimizing Water Treatment Plant Performance with the Composite Correction Program
625/8-80/004 0
EXECUTIVE BRIEFINGS Injection Well Mechanical Integrity Experiences in Incineration Applicable to Superfund Site Remediation Volumetric Tank Testing: An Overview
625/9-89/007 ( 625/9-88/008 625/9-89/009 D
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY PUBLICATIONS
625/10-85/001 0 625/10-84/003 625/10-84/004 625/10-86/005 0 625/10-89/006
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City/State/Zip Code • Publication listed for first time. Forward to: CERI, Technology Transfer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 19963, Cincinnati, OH 45219-0963.
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Center for Environmental Research Information Cincinnati OH 45268
BULK RATE POSTAGE & FEES PAID EPA PERMIT No. G-35
Official Business Penalty for Private Use $300 Page 11
The Automotive Refinishing This document reviews waste minimiza- inventory control for reducing the use of raw materials and of dry cleanup methods. Paint application options discussed include management options involving improved inventory controls and good housekeeping practices and paint mixing operations; use of high transfer efficiency equipment; better operator training; proper cleaning methods; offsite recycling; alternative coatings; use of styrofoam filters; donation of excess paint; and improved cleanup practices. Auto refinishers, operators of fleet vehicles, regulatory agency representatives, and consultants should find this publication useful for developing waste minimization options. This guide consists of the following sections: An introduction and overview of the waste minimization process • Profile of the automotive refinishing industry • Options for waste minimization for automotive refinishers • Worksheets for waste minimization assessment Appendices including automotive refinishing shop case study assess- ments and contacts for assistance Five case studies are presented ranging from small to large auto refinishing shop operations. Various types of services are reviewed in relation to current waste minimization opportunities being practiced.
environmental engineers, and plant The present surge of ACS application managers for identifying site-specific waste began around 1970 when the costs of minimization opportunities. This informa- conventional sewerage were found to be tion may also be of interest to consultants prohibitive in rural areas owing to their serving the pharmaceutical manufacturing depth of burial and other construction industry and government agencies who demands. All of the alternative sewers regulate waste streams generated from employ lightweight plastic pipe with these firms. shallow burial. This concept saves as Waste minimization options presented much as 80% of the cost of conventional provide alternatives for improving opera- gravity sewers, but these savings are tional practices, recycling solvents, and partially offset through the need for implementing good materials management additional components at each service and housekeeping practices. Discussions connection which are not required for of source reduction and recycling opportu- gravity sewers. nities are focused on typical waste streams Two major types of pressure systems in the industry such as spent fermentation are described in detail, the grinder-pump broths, process liquors, solvents, equip- (GP) and the septic tank effluent pumping ment wash water, spilled materials, off (STEP) concepts. The former grinds the spec products, and used processing aids. household wastewater and pumps it into The document contains worksheets that the main while the latter employs a septic will take the user step-by-step through an tank prior to pumping. Both have been analysis of onsite waste generating employed widely and successfully. operations that help identify possibilities for At one time there were two distinct minimizing waste. design approaches to SDGS; one employ The publication consists of the following ing conventional gravity sewer concepts a sections: constant grade between control points, • An introduction and overview of the while the other followed the natural ground waste minimization process slope and emphasized very small pipe Profile of the pharmaceutical industry sizes. Presently, SDGS is designed in a manner which generally follows the groun Options for waste minimization for surface but eliminates the troublesome pharmaceutical facilities tankage and undue size restrictions of the • Worksheets for waste minimization latter approach. Detailed design versus assessment performance and cost information are • Appendices including case studies of provided. pharmaceutical manufacturing plant Vacuum sewers employ a different assessments and contacts for assis- approach than pressure by having a tance central vacuum station imposing the Three case studies are drawn from the necessary forces on the small diameter California Department of Health Services pipeline. Although the number of U.S. study of pharmaceutical industries in installations of vacuum are smaller than California, and waste management SDGS or pressure sewers, their use is techniques are specific to California firms. presently on the upswing. The history of State regulations vary and alternate these systems in the U.S. and their cost techniques may be required elsewhere. and operation requirements are covered in Current practices and recommendations detail in the manual. are presented. This publication represents more than two decades of experience with these systems and should draw worldwide interest. Small rural systems have been Manual identified as a priority environmental problem in many nations, and alternative Alternative Collection Systems for collection systems represent a major Small Communities (625/1-91/024) solution to one of the most expensive This manual represents the most aspects of this problem.
The Pharmaceutical Industry (625/791/017) This document reviews the operations of the pharmaceutical industry and provides waste minimization options for this industry. Because of the confidential nature of each company's operation, only a very general discussion of material substitution and process modification can be given. The intent is to stimulate thinking on the part of process operators, Page 12
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL MANUALS The Pesticide Formulating Industry .... Approaches for Remediation of Uncontrolled Wood Preserving Sites • The Photoprocessing Industry (Oct. 1991) • The Automotive Repair Industry (Oct. 1991) .... • The Fiberglass-Reinforced and Composite Plastics Industry (Oct. 1991) • The Marine Maintenance and Repair Industry (Oct. 1991) ... • The Automotive Refinishing Industry (Oct. 1991). The Pharmaceutical Industry (Oct. 1991)
625/7-90/004 O 625/7-91/013 O 625/7-91/014 O 625/7-91/015 O 625/7-91/016 0 625/7-917017 0
SUMMARY REPORTS
625/8-80/004 O
EXECUTIVE BRIEFINGS Injection Well Mechanical Integrity ..... Experiences in Incineration Applicable to Superfund Site Remediation Volumetric Tank Testing: An Overview..
625/9-89/007 625/9-88/008 625/9-89/009
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY PUBLICATIONS
625/10-85/001 0 625/10-84/0040 625/10-89/006 0 625/10-90/007 0
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Company Street City/State/Zip Code
•Listed for first time. Forward to: CERI, Technology Transfer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 19963, Cincinnati, OH 45219-0963.
Future Technology Transfer Seminars
Description and Sampling of contaminated Soils: A Field Pocket Guide (625/12-91/002) This compact guide describes field methods and procedures that can be used br (1) preliminary site reconnaissance, (2) detailed site and contaminant characterizafon/sampling for transportfate modeling and risk assessment, and (3) remediation selection and design. The guide contains forms and checklists that can be used in preparing for and during field work. It also provides information on soil sampling methods and equipment that can be used to deal with unanticipated soil sampling conditions at a site. All methods and procedures described in this guide are simple and inexpensive. When used early in site reconnaissance, site characterization, or remediation projects, these methods may reduce project costs by providing a basis for more efficient application of more complex and expensive field methods when needed. This pocket field guide is a companion to the Guide to Site and Soil Description for Hazardous Waste Site Characterization by EPA's Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (EMSL), Las Vegas. The EMSL guide provides information on methods for characterizing and interpreting 36 site and soil parameters in relation to fate and transport of heavy metals and also serves as the basis for the site and soil software components of the Environmental Sampling Expert System (ESES)another EMSL- Las Vegas product.
Stabilization Technologies for This seminar series will provide technical guidance for implementing stabilization technologies for use in RCRA corrective actions. The goal of these stabilization technologies is to prevent or minimize the spread of contamination while long-term corrective action remedies are pursued. Conceptual approaches for characterizing waste site problems will be addressed as well as specific stabilization approaches for containers, tanks, surface impoundments, landfills, and waste piles. The dates and locations of this one-day seminar are as follows: Nov. 13, 1991 - Boston, MA Nov. 14, 1991 - Chicago, IL Dec. 10, 1991 - San Francisco, CA Jan. 07, 1992 - Dallas, TX Jan. 08, 1992 Kansas City, MO Feb. 11, 1992 - Denver, CO Feb. 12, 1992 - Seattle, WA Mar. 18, 1992 Philadelphia, PA Mar. 19, 1992 New York, NY Apr. 02, 1992 - Atlanta, GA For registration information, contact Elaine Brenner at 617-641-5300. For information on content, contact Ed Barth at 513-569-7669 (FTS 684-7669) or Susan Schock at 513-569-7551 ( FTS 684-7551).
Each citation contains publication title, authors, sponsoring organization, abstract, ordering information, and much more. Type “Open 1“ at the main board to access this database. The ORD BBS is open to all and operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. There is no subscription charge. To access the ORD BBS you will need a computer, modem, phone line, and a communications program. Call 513-569-7610 and you will be granted immediate access - no password is needed. Voice support is available from the BBS SYSOP, Jose Perez, at 513-569-7272. An ORD BBS User's Manual is also available - use the order form in the back of this publication.
First Technology Transfer Expert System Available: POTW Expert
ORD Opens Electronic Bulletin Board System EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) has created the ORD Electronic Bulletin Board System (BBS) to foster communication and technology transfer among EPA staff, state and local officials and staff, researchers, and the private sector. The ORD BBS presently features 5 areas of special interest ("Conferences"): •Expert Systems - a forum providing support, distribution, updates, and discussion of ORD's expert systems. • Biotechnology - a forum for discussion of biotechnical approaches to pollution control. • Water - a forum for exchanging information on EPA's Office of Water's regulatory agenda and ORD's water research activities. •Regional Operations - primarily intended for EPA Regional Highlights, but open to anyone to further the exchange of technical support among ORD and the Regions. •Methods Standardization/QA News - a forum for the exchange of information from EPA Program Offices, Regions, State Agencies, and the private sector on monitoring methods and Quality Assurance techniques. The BBS can be used to leave and read messages, upload and download files, and serves as means of announcing recent ORD activities. A special feature of the ORD BBS is a textsearchable database of every ORD publication produced since 1976 - over 16,000 citations.
Helps Facilities Meet Compliance A majority of POTWs operating in the United States are not performing as desired. To assist plant owners, regulators, and evaluators in rapidly determining the cause of poor performance, ORD's Center for Environmental Research Information (CERI), developed the POTW Expert System. Based on the Comprehensive Performance Evaluation/Composite Correction Program (CPE/CCP) methodology, POTW Expert is a PC-based tool that evaluates the capability of a wastewater treatment plant to improve performance without requiring major modifications. In substantially less time than it takes plant evaluators to use the conventional CPE process, POTW Expert can analyze operating, design, administrative, and flow characteristic data, as well as identify and prioritize performance-limiting factors. POTW Expert can assess secondary treatment facilities that use suspended growth, fixed film, and stabilization pond treatment processes, and analyzes a broad spectrum of unit process configurations. The system is designed to analyze plants up to an average daily flow of 20 mgd. EPOSITOR
The wastes generated at pesticide formulating facilities can be categorized equipment cleaning wastes, spills and area washdowns, off-specification products, containers, air emissions, and miscellaneous wastewater streams. A number of waste minimization options are identified. They are consiste with general waste minimization approaches and include maximizing production runs; storing and reusing cleaning wastes; using wiper blades and squeegees; using low volume, highefficiency cleaning techniques; and usir plastic or foam "pigs" to clean lines. To reduce wastes from spills or area washdowns, pesticide formulators shoul install dedicated vacuum systems and employ dry cleaning methods; use recycled water for initial cleanup; and strictly supervise operations. Waste represented by off-specificatic products can be reduced by strict quali control and automation as well as by reformulation of off-spec batches. Was represented by empty containers that have become contaminated can be reduced by: returning containers to suppliers; using drums with liners instea of plastic drums or bags; and segregatir solid waste.
Guides to Pollution Prevention The Pesticide Formulating Industry
What is an expert system? An expert system is a computer program which has the knowledge of expert consultants embedded in its code. The system mimics the human expert in a number of ways. . If erroneous data is entered into an expert system, the system will alert the user concerning the erroneous data. Using POTW Expert To use POTW Expert, plant evaluators input specific information on plant characteristics and loadings for the "aeration system" (i.e., aeration basin, RBC, tricking filter, or ABF), secondary clarifier, and sludge handling system by answering a series of on-screen queries, POTW Expert then assesses the data and, in many instances, compares the plantspecific data to expected values for a plant of similar characteristics. For example, POTW Expert will calculate the percent removal of BOD, in the primary clarifier and determine whether it is within expected ranges for a primary clarifier with a similar surface overflow rate. POTW Expert then notifies the user of any discrepancies between the reported and projected values. By observing symptoms and using "rules of thumb," POTW Expert then identifies 5 to 15 (of a possible 70) performance-limiting factors related to the design, operation, maintenance, and/or administration of the plant. The system also prioritizes these factors based on the severity of their adverse effects and generates three reports: • The Major Unit Process Report that indicates the performance potential of existing physical facilities • The Observation Report that identifies actual and projected performance and notes any anomalies with the expected values. The Performance-Limiting Factor Report that explains and prioritizes the factors that limit the plant's performance. Minimum requirements to run POTW Expert are: AT-compatible PC, 640K RAM and 2MB extended memory, 1.2MB floppy drive, hard drive with at least 4MB free, DOS 3.30 or higher, and a printer. POTW Expert will be available at the WPCF Conference in Washington, D.C. in October. It can also be ordered by using the form in the back of this document. Users of POTW Expert must be familiar with the material contained in Handbook: Retrofitting POTWs (EPA/6-89/020). If you do not have this publication, it also can be ordered using the same form.
The Pesticide Formulating Industry (625/7/90/004) This document reviews the pesticide formulating operations and the processes that generate wastes, identifies techniques that would allow these companies to reduce their wastes, and provides a set of self-audit checklists to assist pesticide formulators in setting up a waste reduction program. This publication emphasizes reducing hazardous wastes but also discusses options for reducing nonhazardous wastes. The document consists of the following sections and an appendix. • An introduction and overview of waste minimization assessment procedures. .A profile of pesticide formulating facilities, including processes used and wastes generated. •Waste minimization options for pesticide formulators. • Work sheets that can be used to conduct a waste minimization assessment. The appendix contains case studies of waste minimization opportunities at pesticide formulating facilities and sources of information on waste minimization.
The Paint Manufacturing Industry (625/7/90/005) This document reviews the operatior of paint manufacturers, identifies techniques that would allow these companies to reduce their wastes, and provides a set of self-audit checklists to Page 13
assist paint manufacturers in setting up a The wastes generated at paint The document consists of the following sections and an appendix. An introduction and overview of waste minimization assessment procedures. A profile of paint manufacturing facilities including processes used and wastes generated. Waste minimization options for paint manufacturers. • Work sheets for conducting a waste minimization assessment. The appendix contains case studies of waste minimization opportunities at paint manufacturing facilities and sources of information on waste minimization. A number of waste minimization options are identified. They are consistent with general waste minimization approaches and include using wiper blades, using high pressure spray heads nd limiting wash/rinse time, using teflon lined tanks, using plastic or foam "pigs" to dean lines, storing and rinsing cleaning wastes, recycling sludge, and maximizing production runs. Waste represented by off-specification paint can be reduced by increased automation as well as by reformulation of of-specification batches. Waste represented by empty bags and packages that are contaminated can be reduced by using water soluble bags, using rinseable/recyclable drums with plastic liners, and segregating the hazardous materials from the nonhazardous materials. Air emissions can be reduced by controlling bulk storage air emissions; using pigments in paste form and istalling a dedicated baghouse system bor pigment loading areas. To reduce wastes from spills, automation should be increased and dry deanup methods should be maximized whenever possible. Waste represented by spent filter cartridges can be reduced by mproving pigment dispersion and using bag and metal mesh filters. Obsolete products and customer returns can be blended into new batches of paint.
Alkaline and acid solutions can be minimized by source reduction methods The Fabricated Metal Industry including frequent removal of sludge and use of dry cleaning and stripping methods. (625/7/90/006) Source reduction methods that can be The document reviews the operations used to minimize paint wastes during of fabricated metal manufacturers, metal fabrication are use of paint identifies techniques that allow these application equipment with low overspray companies to reduce wastes, and provides characteristics, and operator training. a set of self-audit checklists to assist Material substitution such as use of waterfabricated metal manufacturers in setting based and radiation-curable coatings is up a waste reduction program. This report also effective in reducing paint wastes. emphasizes reducing hazardous wastes but also discusses options for reducing nonhazardous wastes. Manufacturers of fabricated metals include large and small captive facilities, small job shops doing contract work, and specialty shops doing BA Guides to Pollution low volume and high precision work. The Prevention waste generating processes involve The Printed Circuit Board machining operations, surface treating and Manufacturing Industry plating operations, metal cleaning and stripping, and paint application. The document consists of the following sections and an appendix. •An introduction and overview of waste minimization assessment procedures. and processes used in it. fabricated metal industry. • Work sheets for conducting a waste minimization assessment. Reduction of heavy metal-bearing streams from surface treatment and The Printed Circuit Board plating wastes can be accomplished by Manufacturing Industry (625/7increasing the solution life and material 90/007) substitution. Plating solution life can be extended by using purer metal for anodes This document reviews the operations and by efficient rinsing of the workpiece of printed circuit board manufacturers, between different plating baths. Examples identifies techniques that allow these of material substitution include companies to reduce their wastes, and replacement of cyanide plating solutions provides a set of self-audit checklists to assist printed circuit board manufacturers with cyanide-free solution; replacement of in setting up a waste reduction program. cadmium-based plating solutions; and This report emphasizes reducing replacement of hexavalent chromium with hazardous wastes but also discusses trivalent chromium. Two important methods for reducing options for reducing nonhazardous wastes. Manufacturers of printed circuit boards solvent waste are to minimize vapor loss and to maintain solvent quality. Measures include large facilities whose sole product that are considered helpful in maintaining is boards, large and small capture facilities, small job shops doing contract quality and minimizing vapor loss include work, and specialty shops doing low installing tank lids; increasing freeboard volume and high precision work. The space; installing freeboard chillers; avoiding cross-contamination; removing waste generating processes involve sludge; using appropriate makeup cleaning and surface preparation, pattern solutions; standardizing solvent; and printing and masking, electroplating and consolidating operations. electroless plating, etching, and wastewater treatment. Page 14
expensive scenario. However, the subdivision costs are within 10 percent of the POE cost. Distribution system costs account for about 70 percent of the total costs for the subdivision and only 50 percent of the trailer park's cost. Should ductile iron pipe be used instead of PVC, distribution costs would double, thus making POE cost-effective for even more homes. The scenario incorporating four 10 gpm units proved to be very costly. The 25 percent reduction in pipe was not enough to offset the extra treatment device costs. JON EXCHANGE ANALYSIS In order to remove nitrate below the 10 mg/L standard, ion exchange can be used. Nitrate contamination of drinking water supplies has been increasing over the years mainly because of normal applications of agricultural fertilizers leaching into groundwater contaminating not only rural wells, but wells on the fringe of some very large cities. Ion exchange central treatment cost include: daily regeneration, 25 cubic feet of resin, 4.7 minute empty bed contact time, with 10 percent financing for 20 years. Ion exchange POE assumptions include: 2,000 dollars purchase price, auto-regeneration, 15 dollars/ month service contract, with 8 percent financing for 10 years. Table 8 displays the cost comparing ion exchange central treatment versus POE. The four unit scenario is not included since the costs were so prohibitive in the GAC example.(11)
The assurance of long-term maintenance and monitoring of POE technology remains as the main problem to be dealt with. Currently, several states are enacting legislation requiring certification of treatment units, water quality certification for home loans, and tougher truth-in-advertising requirements for water treatment devices. There are also several states making it easier to get funds for treatment technology installation and upgrade and the creation of water quality districts to address the problems of small systems an rural homeowners. Documentation of the increasing contamination of the nation's groundwater supplies grows almost daily. Small systems and private homeowners have been and will continu to be the most vulnerable and the least capable of meeting current and future drinking water regulations. The "little guy does have long-term cost competitive options and alternative available in terms of package plants and POE drinking water treatment technology to reduce the risk to drinking contaminated water. Central treatment can no longer be thought of as the only solution or POE thought of as temporary or for aesthetics only. REFERENCES 1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Drinking Water, The National Public Water System Program, FY 1988 Compliance Report, March, 1990. 2. Logsdon, Gary S., Sorg, Thomas J., and Clark, Robert M Cost and Capability of Technologies For Small Systems, Proceedings 4th Annual ASDWA Conference, Tucson, Arizona, February 20-23, 1989. Technology, Journal of the Environmental Engineering 19-35. 4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Drinking Water, Technologies For Upgrading Existing or EPA/625/4-89/023, March, 1990. Water Treatment For Small Water Treatment Facilities, Center for Research Information, Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA/625/5-90/025, April, 1990. 6. Loveland, David G. and Reichheld, Beth, Safety on Tap: / Citizens Drinking Water Handbook, Washington, DC: League of Women Voters Education Fund, 1987. 7. Panel Discussion: Home Water Treatment: Is It Feasible? Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 78, No. 10, October, 1987, pp. 20-31. 8. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Volatile Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Federal Register, Vol. 50, No. 219, 1985, pp. 46880-46932. 9. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Synthetic Organic Chemicals; Monitoring For Unregulated pp. 25690-25717. 10. HDR, Standardized Cost For Water Distribution Systems, Draft, Drinking Water Research Division, Cincinnati, Ohio, May, 1990. 11. Gumerman, Robert C; Culp, Russell L., and Hansen, Sigurd P., Estimating Water Treatment Costs, EPA-600/279-162 a,b,c,d, Drinking Water Research Division, Cincinnati, Ohio, August, 1979.
1 lon Exchange Unit (40 gpm) $312/house/yr $3.24/1,000 gal $5747house/yr$5.96/1,000 gal
Once again, the trailer park is least expensive for the central treatment. However, because of the lower POE cost for ion exchange versus GAC, the difference is not as large. The subdivision scenario shows central treatment to be approximately 20 percent more expensive than installing 150 POE units to remove nitrate. SUMMARY Given the analyses presented, decision-makers will have to consider the intangible but potentially very expensive costs such as (1) pipe installation, repair, rehabilitation, or replacement, (2) long-term central treatment operation and maintenance versus POE maintenance and monitoring when evaluating treatment options and alternatives for small systems and private homeowners. In either case, some type of water quality district, water company, or maintenance contract would have to be created to satisfy the federal regulations. The POE water treatment industry is growing rapidly. No longer is lack of availability or knowledge regarding POE technology a drawback to its utilization. As shown in many cases, POE technology can be a cost effective solution for small systems and individual homeowners, eliminating many of the problems small systems face when attempting to finance and operate central treatment facilities. Page 15
REQUEST FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER MATERIAL
PROCESS DESIGN MANUALS Phosphorus Removal (Sept. 1987) Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems (Oct. 1980) Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater (Oct. 1981) Supplement for Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater (Oct. 1984) Dewatering Municipal Wastewater Sludges (Sept. 1987) Land Application of Municipal Sludge (Oct. 1983) Electrostatic Precipitator Operation and Maintenance (Sept. 1985) Odor and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Sewerage Systems and Treatment Plants (Oct. 1985) Fabric Filter Operation and Maintenance (June 1986) Municipal Wastewater Disinfection (Oct. 1986) Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems for Municipal Wastewater Treatment (Oct. 1988) Fine Pore Aeration Systems (Oct. 1989) TECHNICAL CAPSULE REPORTS Particulate Control by Fabric Filtration on Coal-Fired Industrial Boilers Bahco Flue Gas Desulfurization and Particulate Removal System First Progress Report: Physical Coal Cleaning Demonstration at Homer City, PAAcoustic Monitoring to Determine the Integrity of Hazardous Waste Dams Disposal of Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastes: Shawnee Field Evaluation Adipic Acid-Enhanced Lime/Limestone Test Results at the EPA Alkali Scrubbing Test Facility Benefits of Microprocessor Control of Curing Ovens for Solvent Based Coatings SEMINAR PUBLICATIONS Permitting Hazardous Waste Incinerators Meeting Hazardous Waste Requirements for Metal Finishers Transport and Fate of Contaminants in the Subsurface Corrective Actions - Technologies and Applications Solvent Waste Reduction Alternatives Requirements for Hazardous Waste Landfill Design, Construction and Closure Technologies for Upgrading Existing or Designing New Drinking Water Treatment Facilities Risk Assessment, Management and Communication of Drinking Water Contamination BROCHURES Environmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Reducing Water Pollution Control Costs - Electroplating Nitrogen Oxide Control for Stationary Combustion Sources Environmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Drinking Water Treatment for Small Communities HANDBOOKS Septage Treatment and Disposal (Oct. 1984) Permit Writers Guide to Test Burn Data: Hazardous Waste Incineration (Sept. 1986) Ground Water (March 1987) Retrofitting POTWS for Phosphorus Removal in the Chesapeake Bay Drainage Area (Sept. 1987) Guide to Technical Resources for the Design of Land Disposal Facilities (Dec. 1988) Guidance on Setting Permit Conditions and Reporting Trial Burn Results (Jan. 1989) Retrofitting POTWs (July 1989) Hazardous Waste Incineration Measurement Guidance (June 1989) Stabilization/Solidification of CERCLA and RCRA Wastes (July 1989) Quality Assurance Quality Control (QA/QC) Procedures for Hazardous Waste Incineration (Jan. 1990) Operation and Maintenance of Hospital Waste Incinerators (January 1990) Assessing the Geochemical Fate of Deep-Well Injected Hazardous Waste (June 1990) Reference Guide Summaries of Recent Research INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL MANUAL Waste Minimization Opportunity Assessment (July 1988)
625/8-80/004 C 625/8-81/007 ( 625/8-82/008 625/8-82/009 625/8-85/010 625/8-86/011 ( 625/8-87/012 625/8-87/013 625/8-89/015 625/8-89/016 (
625/9-89/007 625/9-88/008 625/9-89/009
SUMMARY REPORTS Technology Assessment of Sequencing Batch Reactors Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming Biomonitoring to Achieve Control of Toxic Effluents Biomonitoring for Control of Toxic Effluent Discharges to the Marine Environment In-Vessel Composting of Municipal Wastewater Sludge EXECUTIVE BRIEFINGS Injection Well Mechanical Integrity Experiences in Incineration Applicable to Superfund Site Remediation Volumetric Tank Testing: An Overview Guides to Pollution Prevention • The Pesticide Formulating Industry The Commercial Printing Industry • Selected Hospital Waste Streams Research and Educational Institutions ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY PUBLICATIONS The Electroplating Industry Use and Disposal of Municipal Wastewater Sludge Fugitive VOC Emissions in the Synthetic Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry Control of Pathogens in Municipal Wastewater Sludge • Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion of Municipal Wastewater Sludge EXPERT SYSTEM • POTW Expert OTHER • ORD BBS User's Manual
625/7-90/004 625/7-90/005 625/7-90/006 625/7-90/007 625/7-90/008 625/7-90/009 625/7-90/010
625/10-85/001 625/10-84/003 625/10-84/004 625/10-89/006 625/10-90/007
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The T&E Facility: Diverse Opportunities for Environmental Studies
As a result of the T&E being permitted by the State of Ohio and the USEPA as a RCRA Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility (TSDF), the facility is in a unique position to conduct research studies on a variety of hazardous wastes. With current state and federal permits and with permits which are anticipated to be granted, the T&E Facility is in an excellent position to conduct research involving the generation, storage, and treatment of hazardous wastes.
This capability supports the various research programs of ORD's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and also enables the T&E to generate research data which support the missions of EPA regional and headquarters programs. Although the Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory manages the facility and is its primary user, the T&E's capabilities are available to public and private sector clients who may wish to fund studies or to participate in areas of research in which the T&E is uniquely qualified and permitted to work.
wastewater flows to each of 16 experimental areas in the high bay; • two five-ton bridge cranes for ease of moving equipment in and out; • a machine shop for building or repairing experimental apparatus; • a greenhouse for agricultural studies of pollutant application to soils; hazardous waste tank storage (10,000 gal) and drum storage (20-55 gal drums) areas, and a hazardous waste surrogate mixing area; automatic hazardous waste tank spill alarm and facility shut-down system; readily available high and low pressure air, pure oxygen, and electric power ducts (480V, 240V, 120V) at each of the 16 experimental bays.
The T&E Research Opportunity While the research activities of the USEPA have traditionally been undertaken independently of others in the environmental protection community, previous limitations on cooperative research efforts have been modified for the benefit of both private and other public research interests, in general. As a result, the diverse research capabilities of the T&E Facility are now available to state and local governments, business and industry, schools and colleges through cooperative research and development agreements with EPA. The authority emanates from the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-502). In addition, an arrangement referred to as a "Third Party Contract" may be made with the contract operator of the T&E whereby other public, as well as private sector, groups may conduct technology feasibility and other studies which are within the research concern of the USEPA.
In addition to municipal wastewater and hazardous waste treatment research, the facility provides an excellent location for basic and anticipatory research in the control of air pollution, toxic substances, industrial-municipal pollution, and landfill waste flow management. Because of. T&E's flexible services, it easily adapts to the testing of innovative treatment concepts, estimating the limits of process capabilities and determining scale-up factors for full-scale design, and assessing the fate of conventional and hazardous substances in an industrial or municipal wastewater treatment setting.
If you are interested in utilizing the ORD T&E Facility, address your inquiries to:
Francis L. Evans III Chief, T&E Facility USEPA Cincinnati, OH 45268 (513-684-2621)
New Technology Transfer Publications [use form in back to order]
Guidelines for Water Reuse (625/R-92/004) Opportunities for water reuse and the benefits that water reuse can present as reduced investment for potable water systems and other infrastructure are delineated in this document. The key water reuse planning issues are identified and discussed in a manner that liberally employs case study experience to illustrate the importance of each issue and successful solutions. This manual will be a valuable tool for regulatory agencies at all levels of government, engineers, planners, and all other groups affected by water reuse programs. A major portion of the manual deals with the water quality requirements for reclaimed water used in irrigating various vegetation and crops, industrial cooling and process water, construction projects, recreational projects, aesthetic impoundments, ground-water recharge, and stream augmentation. Although direct potable water reuse is discussed, it is dismissed at this time because more definitive research on all microconstituents of raw and treated municipal wastewater is needed. A comprehensive listing of state water reuse guidelines by category of reuse is provided, along with an analysis of the variations between states within each category. This analysis is then followed with a series of suggested guidelines for water quality required for each category of reuse. These guidelines are based on the state guidelines and experiences described earlier, and they offer a suggested starting point for state, regional, and local governments that plan to establish water reuse procedures, both in terms of water quality requirements and procedures for design, operation, and monitoring.
Wastewater Treatment/Disposal for This manual describes the key issues that must be addressed by small communities in developing a wastewater management program. Those key issues are planning, management, site evaluation, wastewater characteristics, and technological alternatives. They are addressed in a straightforward, easily understandable context to provide small community decision makers and planners with a resource that enables them to develop optimum planning and management schemes; determine the adequacy of site evaluation proposals; and judge the rationality of proposed collection and treatment methods. Small community planners and management officials can use this manual as a project development guide. It can also be used with more detailed technical resource documents to guide consulting engineers and state regulators through project design and construction. The manual is a useful tool to small community planners and decision makers who must integrate planning and management with technology in the thousands of small rural communities across the country.
Organic Air Emissions from Waste The organic chemicals contained in wastes processed during waste management operations can volatilize into the atmosphere and cause toxic or carcinogenic effects or contribute to ozone formation. Because air emissions from waste management operations pose a threat to human health and the environment, regulations were developed to control organic air emissions from these operations
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INDIANA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Page 16
viewed by individuals from federal and state government and leading academic institutions.
including coupon tests, pipe loop tests, and electrochemical methodologies for corrosion measurement. Finally, corrosi control strategies are addressed in chap five, which includes an overview of cont strategies as well as secondary effects. Throughout, the document presents the experience of utilities in monitoring, assessment, and control strategies.
The U.S. Environmental Protection process vents and equipment leaks at hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities requiring a permit under Subtitle C of RCRA. EPA has also promulgated standards under the authority of Section 112 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) that limit emissions of benzene from benzene waste operations. This document will help improve
RCRA Corrective Action EPA has begun implementing an This seminar publication provides an Information included in each discussion includes applications and limitations, screening criteria, implementation issues, and monitoring strategies.
Wellhead Protection: A Guide for This document is designed to help sn tion programs. It discusses the hydrogec logic cycle, types of aquifers, and funda- mentals of groundwater movement. Chapter three explains how ground wate becomes contaminated, sources of grou water contamination, and the potential effects on human health and local econo mies. It also discusses legislation and regulations designed to protect ground water supplies. Chapter four, the core of the publication, presents the five steps fc developing a wellhead protection program The remaining sections present case studies, lists of publications, financial assistance programs and regional re- sources.
The National Rural Clean Water The Rural Clean Water Program (RCWP), a federally sponsored nonpoint source control program, was initiated in 1980 as an experimental effort to address agricultural nonpoint source pollution problems in rural watersheds across the country. The RCWP was administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, in cooperation with the U.S. EPA and other USDA agencies. This document contains the peer- Water quality and land treatment monitoring Relating water quality to land Land treatment and operation and maintenance of best management practices Project coordination and farmer participation Institutional arrangements, program administration and project spin-offs Information and education Technology transfer, lessons learned, and socioeconomics Future research needs.
Control of Lead and Copper in This publication presents subjects officials, regarding drinking water treat- ment requirements and the treatment technologies suitable for them. State and federal reguatory officials, consultants, academicians, and manufacturers will also find this information useful. Chapter one discusses regulatory requirements. Chapter two presents information about the corrosion character- istics of materials. Chapter three discusses the design and implementation of a corrosion monitoring program. Topics include baseline monitoring, selecting an analytical laboratory, monitoring at the customer's tap, designing a monitoring program using utility employees and customers, and integrating water testing and occupancy certification. Chapter four focuses on corrosion control assessment,
Vitrification Technologies for Vitrification technologies are being The handbook describes both in situ
that are typically used in a treatability y This handbook is one of the few prehensive documents available on cation technologies and will be useful cientists and engineers involved with zardous and radioactive waste disposal.
standards apply to publicly and privately owned treatment works that generate or treat domestic sewage sludge, as well as to any person who uses or disposes of sewage sludge from such treatment works.
ntrol of Air Emissions from perfund Sites (625/R-92/012) This document is an easy-to-use tool for ision makers to evaluate air emission trol devices for use with Superfund mediation actions. It will assist in the action of cost-effective control options. audience for this handbook is engiors and scientists involved in preparing medial design (RD) plans for Superfund es. The handbook contains a summary existing information, and an overview of topic of air emission controls is esented. It contains background informanto familiarize the user with the chnical basis for each control technol. Specific guidance is provided to assist user in limiting the choices of potential ontrol technologies and in selecting a ecific set of control technologies for a en application. References are included users seeking more detailed guidance. the user must perform a detailed engiEoring evaluation of the control options, ther vendor information, and perform asibility studies. Many of the cleanup processes used at uperfund sites are emerging technologies Eth limited operating histories. For these chnologies, data on which to base mission estimates and control needs are ery limited. Furthermore, each Superfund te has a unique set of contaminants and te conditions. These site-specific factors ay force modifications of the cleanup ardware or operating conditions which ould affect air emissions.
• Developers or marketers of sludge treatment processes. Groups that distribute and market sludge products. Individuals involved in applying sludge or septage to land. Regional, state, and local govern- ment officials responsible for implementing and enforcing the Part 503 Subpart D regulation. These include the Regional Sludge Coordi- nators, State Sludge Coordinators, and permit writers. Consultants to these groups. Chapter 2 of this document discusses why pathogen control is necessary, and Chapters 3 through 6 summarize the current federal requirements under Subpart D of Part 503. Chapter 7 discuses sampling and analytical techniques that can be used to meet the monitoring requirements. Chapters 8 and 9 describe the sludge treatment processes listed under Part 503. Chapter 10 discusses the kind of support EPA's Pathogen Equivalency Committee can provide to both the regulated community and the permitting authorities involved in the implementation of the Part 503 requirements for pathogen control. Under authority of Sections 405(d) and (e) of the Clean Water Act (CWA), as amended (33 U.S.C.A. $1251, et seq.), EPA promulgates regulations to protect public health and the environment from any reasonably anticipated adverse effects of certain pollutants that may be present in sewage sludge. Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, 40 CFR Part 503, was promulgated on December 23, 1992. It establishes requirements for the final use and disposal of sewage sludge in three circumstances. First, the regulations establish requirements for sewage sludge when the sludge is applied to the land for a beneficial purpose (including sewage sludge or sewage sludge products that are sold or given away for use in home gardens). Second, the regulations establish standards for sludge when the sludge is disposed on land by placing it on surface disposal sites (including sewage sludge-only landfills). Third, the regulations establish requirements for sewage sludge when incinerated. The standards for each end use and disposal practice consist of general requirements, numerical limits on the pollutant concentrations in sewage sludge, management practices and, in some cases, operational requirements. The final rule also includes monitoring and record-keeping requirements. Reporting requirements are specified for POTWs with a design flow rate equal to or greater than one million gallons per day, and POTWS that serve 10,000 people or more. The
Small Community Water and This report presents information on the unique needs of small communities facing new water and wastewater treatment requirements. The information focuses on treatment technologies suited for small community application and encourages effective communication within and between small communities. This report contains three main sections: technology overviews, small community case studies, and a resource directory. The technology overviews address wastewater collection and treatment technologies and drinking water treatment technologies. Each overview presents a process description and discussions of operation and maintenance requirements, technology limitations, and financial considerations. The case studies show how six small communities addressed their site-specific drinking water and wastewater problems. Case studies were selected to illustrate the use of cost-effective technologies and available technical and financial assistance. The resource directory presents listings of organizations (EPA; Coalition of Environmental Training Centers; Rural Community Assistance Program; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Extension Service; and National Rural Water Association) that can provide a wide variety of technical and financial services to small communities. This report will be a valuable resource for small communities facing the challenges of improving and maintaining the infrastructure that supports the provision of safe drinking water and reliable wastewater collection and treatment.
Environmental Regulations and Technology Publication
Control of Pathogens and Vectors Sewage Sludge (625/R-92/013) This document describes the federal equirements concerning pathogens in ewage sludge and septage destined for and application or surface disposal, and it provides guidance for meeting those requirements. It is especially intended for Owners and operators of municipal wastewater treatment works.
GRoundwater Information Tracking System with STATistical Analysis Capability (625/11-91/002) The Nationwide GRoundwater Information Tracking System with STATistical Analysis Capability GRITS /STAT is a comprehensive ground-water database/ analysis system designed to store and retrieve information generated through
The database design allows exporting treatment of aqueous and gaseous pha of the electronically stored ground-water and soils. Presentations and poster information to other software applications sessions of ongoing and completed (e.g., SURFER Version 4). The information projects include the following: stored in the GRITS/STAT system can Bioremediation Field Initiative potentially be transferred to other future Performance Evaluation database/tracking/analysis systems. The Field Research development of GRITS/STAT has been a • Pilot-Scale Research collaborative effort between the U.S. EPA Process Research Office of Solid Waste/Permits and State The presentations will be beneficial t Programs Division, Regions V and VII, and researchers and field personnel in biore the U.S. EPA Office of Research and mediation from federal, state, and local Development/Center for Environmental agencies; industry; vendors; contractors Research Information (CERI). and academia. The symposium is being held in Dalla EPA is establishing a database of TX, May 4-6, 1993. For registration GRITS/STAT users. The database will information contact Helen Murray, ERG, be used to notify GRITS/STAT users of 617-674-7307 or register by fax at 617updates to the software and potential 674-2906. For technical information on problems and solutions encountered in symposium content, contact Fran Kreme using the software. If you are a GRITSI CERI, at 513-569-7346. STAT user, send your name, organization, address, and phone number to the following:
USEPA Attn: GRITS/STAT Mail Code #5303 W 401 M St., S.W. Washington DC 20460
ground-water monitoring programs at RCRA, CERCLA, and other regulated facilities and sites. The PC-based system provides data entry, storage, and analysis capabilities for the IBM-AT and compatible platforms (640K RAM required). Establishing an electronic database of ground-water information is a must for efficient environmental monitoring. The database section of the system stores facility information including latitude, longitude, and state and county FIPS codes. Well information includes well construction, some hydrologic information, and location codes. Parameter information is selected individually or as custom parameter groupings. Replicates, duplicates, individual nondetects (elution and matrix interferences), laboratory data qualifiers, CAS numbers, method codes, etc. are accommodated in the data structures. Full editing capability exists for the facility, well, date, and parameter information. Spreadsheet data entry is accomplished by Lotus templates. Laboratory qualifiers and individual non-detect values are included in the template data entry. After the information is entered in Lotus, the GRITS/STAT system imports the information and stores the data in the database. Database report generation includes well parameter, parameter x date, date x well, CME/paired results, single date, all dates, well data report, parameter data report, sampling dates report, and data scan report. The statistical data analysis requirements for detection, compliance and corrective monitoring for RCRA subtitle C and D are implemented. The statistical analysis procedures include but are not limited to ANOVA, Prediction Intervals, Tolerance Intervals, Confidence Intervals, Control Charts, Probability Plots, Normality Tests, Homogeneity of Variance Tests, TTest, and Wilcoxin Rank Sum Test. Defining the scope of the data analysis allows selection of parameter, range of dates, upgradient wells, downgradient wells, and filtering of laboratory quality data. The system provides a powerful tool for statistical analysis, but proper guidance should be obtained from the appropriate permit or reference to appropriate guidance documents. Proper statistical guidance can be found in the following documents: Statistical Analysis of Ground-Water EPA/530-SW-89-026 Statistical Training Course for Groundwater Monitoring Data Analysis (EPA/530/R-93/003) (Call 202-260-9327 to order.)
EPA is pleased to offer you software we feel will enable you to analyze technical data efficiently. Since the software is currently being improved and expanded, send any problems encountered while using it or enhancement ideas for it to the above address.
Future Technology Transfer Meetings Bioremediation of Hazardous Wastes: Research, Development, and Field Evaluations This annual symposium is sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Biosystems Technology Development Program, which coordinates EPA's research, development, and evaluation of full-scale bioremediation activities. The Biosystems Technology Development Program strives to balance research on degradation processes with engineering activities that contribute to environmental cleanups. This symposium will present and discuss the research, development, and field evaluations of bioremediation projects undertaken in 1992 by EPA's Biosystems Technology Development Program. Bioremediation projects conducted by EPA's Hazardous Substance Research Centers also will be presented. Topics to be discussed cover the in situ treatment of the surface and subsurface and the ex situ
Bioremediation of Hazardous Wastes: Practical Approaches to Implementation This seminar series is intended to provide participants with state-of-the-art information on the practical aspects of implementing bioremediation. The semin will address site characterization issues specific to biotreatment, carrying out treatability studies, and approaches for situ and in situ treatment of soils, water, sediments, sludges, and gaseous phase Some background information will be provided; however, participants should have experience in the use of the techno ogy. The seminar will be beneficial to individuals from federal, state, and local agencies; industry; vendors; contractors; and academia. Dates and locations are as follows: May 20-21 - Atlanta, GA June 7-8 - New York, NY June 10-11 - Chicago, IL June 21-22 - San Francisco, CA June 24-25 - Denver, CO For registration information contact Denise Gaffey, ERG, at 617-674-7317 or register by fax at 617-674-2906. For technical information on symposium content, contact Fran Kremer, CERI, at 513-569-7346.
Remediation of Sites Contaminate with Explosives and Radioactive Waste This two-day seminar series, cosponsored by the Department of Defense register by fax at 617-674-2906. For technical information on seminar content, contact Susan Schock. CERI, at 513-5697551.
from the BBS main menu prompt (type D OBDHELP.ZIP). You can display help for any prompt in the database by typing ? at the prompt you want help with.
linvolve sampling methodologies, ament technologies, and management rons for sites contaminated with plosives or radioactive waste. This formation will be of use to scientists and gineers involved with site remediation or se closures and will include technolois under Subpart X of RCRA. Topics include explosive safety, field eening methods for TNT, white phosmorous sediment sampling, radioactive sl characterization, reactive waste anagement, depleted uranium management, open burn/open detonation methds, incineration, biological treatment, hysical chemical methods, and volume duction methods. The dates and locations of future seminars are July 20-21, 1993 - Sacramento, CA July 22-23, 1993 - Dallas, TX Aug. 24-25, 1993 - Newark, NJ Aug. 26-27, 1993 - Wash., DC For registration information contact teike Milhench, ERG, at 617-674-7274 or egister by fax at 617-674-2906. For echnical information on seminar content, pntact Ed Barth, CERI, at 513-569-7669.
Tips on Using the Bibliographic Dial the ORD BBS at 513-569-7610 or 800-258-9605. The communications parameters are 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, full duplex and emulation VT-100 or VT-102. Once you are on-line, it will ask for your first name and last name. Then it will ask for a password (make one up that you will remember). Then type "OPEN 1" to get into the database. After about 90 seconds the Database Menu will come up. The ORD Bibliographic Database is a compendium of publications from EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) and its laboratories. This is a text searchable database, and you can combine searches to search for more then one field at once. Here is the main menu for the database:
ORD Bibliographic Database
Would you like to search by:
Characterizing and Remediating Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids at Hazardous Sites This seminar series will deal with the evaluation and characterization of sites where dense nonaqueous-phase liquids DNAPLs) are a problem. Types of DNAPLs and their behavior in the environment will be discussed. Options for emediation will be suggested. This Information will be useful to scientists and engineers whose work involves any aspect of the management of a hazardous site that may contain DNAPLs. The speakers for the series include Dr. David Kreamer, Dr. Robert Cohen, Dr. James Mercer, and Dr. Charles Newell. The dates and locations of the seminars are June 2, 1993 - Chicago, IL June 3, 1993 - Kansas City, MO June 15, 1993 - Bellevue, WA June 16, 1993 - San Francisco, CA June 29, 1993 - Dallas, TX June 30, 1993 - Denver, CO July 13, 1993 - Philadelphia, PA July 14, 1993 - Atlanta, GA July 27, 1993 - New York, NY July 28, 1993 - Boston, MA For registration information contact Elaine Brenner, ERG, at 617-674-7334 or
[1] Title and abstract words (2) Title words 3] Authors 4) Laboratories (5) Sponsoring agencies (6) Performing organizations 17 EPA report numbers or substrings [8] NTIS order numbers (PB numbers) [9] Contract or grant numbers (10) Report years [O] On-line Document Ordering Information [Q] Quit ORD Bibliographic Database When you type ? at the main menu you will see the following: The ORD Bibliographic Database contains abstracts of all ORD research reports published since 1977. Although the database contains records from as far back as 1968, it is complete beginning in 1977. The purpose of the database is to provide an index to the thousands of documents produced by ORD. Hard copies of publications listed in the database can be ordered either from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) or EPA-CERI. Ordering information is displayed when you type the letter O from the database main menu. The text of all help files is found in the file OBDHELP.ZIP, which can be downloaded
Main Menu Options [1] Title and abstract words Allows you to search by any of a report. ] Title words Allows you to search by any words from the title of a report. [3] Author Allows you to search by the author's name. Laboratories Allows you to search using a controlled list of abbreviations of ORD laboratories that sponsored a report. [5] Sponsoring agencies Allows you to search by the full report. Allows you to search by the wrote a report. Allows you to search by the number. (8] NTIS order number (PB numbers) order number used by NTIS. Allows you to search by a contract or grant number for the project for which a report is issued. It is usually an EPA report is issued. It is usually an EPA contract or grant number. [10] Report years year a report was issued. [O] On-line Document Ordering Information database. Database you to the ORD electronic BBS. To get further information about these options, type ? at the prompt for that option. Enter a 1 and ? for Title and Abstract Search help: Enter words from the title or abstract of a report. To search more than one word in a single title or abstract, separate them by
"&" (e.g., hazardous & waste). This will retrieve records including the words hazardous and waste in the title or abstract field. To search for several words where any of the words are in a title or abstract, separate the words by“," (e.g., dioxin, pcb). This will retrieve records with either dioxin or pcb in the title or abstract. To search for the root of a word with any ending, enter the root followed by (e.g., hazard*). This will retrieve records with hazard, hazards, or hazardous in the title or abstract. Note that this type of search can take a very long time for common words, Enter a 3 and ? for Author Search help: Enter the first and/or last name of the personal author of the report. Not all reports have a personal author, but those that do frequently have several authors. To search more than one author for the same report, separate the names by "&" (e.g., Smith & Jones). This will retrieve reports with both Smith and Jones as authors). To search for more than one author where either one could be the author, separate them by“," (e.g., smith, jones). This will retrieve reports written by either Smith or Jones. Most authors in this database are listed by their first initial and last name instead of their full first name. It is best to search by the author's last name only, unless it is a very common name. Enter a 4 and ? for Laboratory Search help: Enter one of the abbreviations listed in the left column instead of the full lab name. AEERL Air & Energy Engineer ing Research Laboratory AREAL Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assess ment Laboratory CERI Center for Environmental Research Information ECAO-CI Environmental Criteria & Assessment Office- Cincinnati ECAO-RTP Environmental Criteria & Assessment Office Research Triangle Park EMSL-CI Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory Cincinnati EMSL-LV Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory Las Vegas ERL-ADA Environmental Research Laboratory-Ada ERL-ATH Environmental Research Laboratory-Athens ERL-COR Environmental Research Laboratory-Corvallis ERL-DUL Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth ERL-GB Environmental Research Laboratory-Gulf Breeze
ERL-NAR Environmental Research Laboratory-Narragansett HERL Health Effects Research Laboratory OEETD Office of Environmental Engineering & Technol- ogy Demonstration OEPER Office of Environmental Processes & Effects Research OER Office of Exploratory Research OHEA Office of Health and Environmental Assess- ment OHR Office of Health Re search OMMSQA Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems, & Quality Assurance ORD Office of Research and Development ORPM Office of Research Program Management OSPRE Office of Science, Planning, and Regula- tory Evaluation RREL Risk Reduction Engi neering Laboratory To find documents sponsored by more than one laboratory, separate the abbreviations with "&" (e.g., AREAL & HERL will find documents sponsored by both AREAL and HERL). Use this option carefully as most documents are sponsored by only one lab. To find documents sponsored by any of a number of laboratories, separate the lab abbreviations with "." (e.g., ERL-COR, ERL-ADA, ERL-GB to find documents sponsored by either ERLCOR or ERL-ADA or ERL-GB) Enter a 5 and ? for the Sponsoring Agency Search Help: Enter words from the name of the sponsoring agency. The sponsoring agency is the organization that sponsors the report or research. It is generally an EPA office or laboratory. There can be more than one sponsoring agency. A report can also have a performing organization that actually writes or produces the report. The performing organization is listed in a separate field. To search for a sponsoring agency, enter a word that is part of the name of the agency. You do not have to enter the entire agency name. To search more than one word in the same agency name or more than one agency responsible for the same report, separate the words by "&" (e.g., monitoring & systems & laboratory - will retrieve records with the words monitoring & systems & laboratory in an agency name). To search for more than one agency where either agency may have sponsored the report, separate the words by "," (e.g., corvallis, duluth - will retrieve records where either corvallis or duluth is in an agency name).
Enter a 6 and ? for Performing Orgar zation Search help: Enter words from the name of the performing organization. The performing organization is the organization or company that writes the report. It can be an EPA office or laboratory, a contractor, a grantee, etc. There can be more than on performing organization. A report can als have a sponsoring agency that sponsors the report or research by issuing a contract, grant, etc. The sponsoring agency is listed in a separate field. To search for a performing organization, en a word that is part of the name of the organization (e.g., Booz). You do not ha to enter the entire organization name. To search more than one word in the same organization name or more than one organization responsible for the same report, separate the words by "&" (e.g., university & oregon - will retrieve records with both university and oregon in an organization name). To search for more than one organization where either organization wrote the report, separate th words by“," (e.g., oregon, booz - will retrieve records where either oregon or booz is in an organization name). Enter a 7 and ? for EPA report numbe or substrings help: Would you like to search by: (1) Full EPA report numbers (2) Organization codes (540, 600, 625) (3) Series codes (0-10, D, J, M, X) (R] Return to previous menu Option 1 is to search for the full EPA report number (e.g., EPA/600/2-88/064). Option 2 is to search for the organization code - the 3-digit number following th "EPA" in the report number. The organiza tion codes are 600, 625, or 540. Option 3 is to search for the series code, which is the number indicating wha the document type is. The series code follows the organization and comes befor the year. In the report number "EPA/600/ 88/064," 600 is the organization code anc 2 is the series code. Type ? at the prompt for organization code or series code to ge a list. Enter an 8 and ? for NTIS Order # Search help: Enter the entire NTIS order number including punctuation. Most NTIS number for EPA documents have one of the following formats: PBYR-###### (where YR is the year and the #s represent an accession number) PB-###### (for records prior to 1980 where the #s represent an accession number). To search more than one number, separate them by commas (e.g., PB89100000, PB89-100001). Enter a 9 and ? for Contract or Grant # Search help: Page 17
PB). This number is listed in the full record display on this database.
Darrell Smith, Regional Water Authority, New Haven, CT James E. Smith, Jr., EPA-CERI, Cincinnati, OH Mrgaret Stasikowski, EPA-OST, Washington, DC Jay Vasconcelos, EPA-MEL, Port Orchard, WA Roy Wolfe, MWDSC, LaVerne, CA Steve Watterman, San Diego Health Dept., San Diego, CA
ERRATA: Technology Transfer The workshop participants listed below were left out of this publication. These individuals contributed significantly to the document by their attendance at and participation in the workshop, and the provision of additional materials.
Enter the full contract or grant number Eding the punctuation (e.g., EPA-68-001, EPA-R-100001). Your input must th the contract or grant number dly. However, you can use as a wildcard (e.g., EPA-68-01-*). Enter a 10 and ? for Report Year ach help: You can search a single year or use of the following operators to search tiple years: <(e.g., <1985 for 1977-1984) (e.g., >1985 for 1986-present) (=(e.g., <=1985 for 1977-1985) >=(e.g., >=1985 for 1985-present) ..(e.g., 1985... 1987 for 1985-1987 clusive) Although the database has a few cords from as far back as 1968, it is only emplete beginning in 1977. Searching by ear can be extremely slow except when usearch for a single year. If you need to se any of the operators listed in the revious paragraph, the search can take to a few minutes. Enter a O and ? for On-line Document rdering Information help: You may order some of the documents sted in this database by answering a cuestionnaire from the Main Board. The ocuments that indicate "Available from ERI: Yes” in the full record display on this atabase may be ordered on-line. All other documents must be ordered from NTIS. To use the on-line questionnaire to order Documents from CERI, type S from the Main Board Command?" prompt. Then shoose the number of the option that reads Order form for EPA ORD publications Tom CERI." You will be prompted to enter he EPA report number, which you can find n the full record or summary record isplay in this database. You may order up five publications each time you answer he questionnaire. For questions about ublications or orders, you can leave a message addressed to "CERI PUBS” on me Main Board. To order publications from NTIS, you may call the sales desk at 703/487-4650 or send your order to NTIS, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. In either case, you will need to know the NTIS order number (usually beginning with the prefix
1993 AWWA Annual Conference EPA's ORD and the Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water (OGWDW) will again cooperate in an exhibit at the June 6-10, 1993, American Water Works Association's Annual Conference in San Antonio, Texas. Approximately 11,000 state and utility personnel along with consultants, manufacturers and academicians regularly attend this meeting. As part of the exhibit, ORD and OGWDW display and make available to participants many publications that are pertinent to the Agency's Drinking Water Program. At last year's meeting almost 3,000 ORD publications were requested by visitors to the booth.
Bob Beaurivage, Manchester, NH ton, DC David Chinn, AWWA, Washington, DC Stephen Clark, EPA-OGWDW, Wash ington, DC Ed Geldreich, EPA-RREL-DWRD, Cincinnati, OH Joe Glicker, Portland Water Bureau, Portland, OR Arnold Greenberg, EBMUD, Oakland, CA Mike Hage, CT-DHES, Hartford, CT Anita Highsmith, DHHS-PHS-CDC, Atlanta, GA Steve Hubbs, Louisville Water Co., Louisville, KY William Jarvis, DHHS-PHS-CDC, Atlanta, GA Mark LeChevallier, American Water- works Service Co., Belleville, il Evelyn Mauss, NRDC, Neponsit, NY Alexis Milea, CA-DHS-ODW, Berkeley, CA Betty Olson, Univ CA - Irvine, Irvine, CA Wes Pipes, Drexel University, Philadel phia, PA Don Reasoner, EPA-RREL-DWRD, Cincinnati, OH Stig Regli, EPA-OGWDW, Washington, DC Peggy Ryker, KY NR&EPC, Frankfort, KY Ben Smith, EPA-OGWDW, Washington, DC
1993 AWMA Annual Meeting EPA uses the Air and Waste Management Association's annual meeting as an opportunity to display some of its research and technology transfer achievements in air pollution control and waste management. The annual meeting is scheduled for June 13-18, 1993, in Denver, CO. A major part of EPA's exhibit consists of distributing technology transfer products and guidance documents from the Office of Research and Development and the program offices. In addition, demonstrations are given of various computer software packages available for assisting the regulated community with compliance problems.
Technology Transfer Meetings
Bioremediation of Hazardous Wastes: Research, Development, and Field Evaluations
Bioremediation of Hazardous Wastes: Practical Approaches to Implementation
May 20-21, 1993 June 7-8, 1993 June 10-11, 1993 June 21-22, 1993 June 24-25, 1993
Atlanta, GA New York, NY Chicago, IL San Francisco, CA Denver, CO
Remediation of Sites Contaminated with Explosives and Radioactive Waste
July 20-21, 1993 July 22-23, 1993 Aug. 24-25, 1993 Aug. 26-27, 1993
Sacramento, CA Dallas, TX Newark, NJ Wash., DC
Characterizing and Remediating Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids at Hazardous Sites
June 2, 1993 June 3, 1993 June 15, 1993 June 16, 1993 June 29, 1993 June 30, 1993 July 13, 1993 July 14, 1993 July 27, 1993 July 28, 1993
Chicago, IL Kansas City, MO Bellevue, WA San Francisco, CA Dallas, TX Denver, CO Philadelphia, PA Atlanta, GA New York, NY Boston, MA
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER MATERIAL
ANUALS Pore Aeration Systems (Oct. 1989) ........ rative Collection Systems for Small Communities (Oct. 1991) delines for Water Reuse (Sept. 1992)............. stewater Treatment/Disposal for Small Communities (Sept. 1992).
625/1-87/001 .625/1-81/013 625/1-81/013a 625/1-87/014 ...625/1-83/016 625/1-85/018 625/1-86/021 625/1-88/022 625/1-89/023 625/1-91/024 625/R-92/004 625/R-92/005
CHNICAL CAPSULE REPORT don-Resistant Construction Techniques for New Residential Construction: Technical Guidance
MINAR PUBLICATIONS mitting Hazardous Waste Incinerators ......... ating Hazardous Waste Requirements for Metal Finishers Ensport and Fate of Contaminants in the Subsurface rective Actions - Technologies and Applications Went Waste Reduction Alternatives ........ ...... quirements for Hazardous Waste Landfill Design, Construction and Closure hnologies for Upgrading Existing or Designing New Drinking Water Treatment Facilities Assessment, Management and Communication of Drinking Water Contamination sign and Construction of RCRAICERCLA Final Covers Characterization for Subsurface Remediation .... npoint Source Watershed Workshop .... dical and Institutional Waste Incineration: Regulations, Management, Technology, Emissions, and Operation .... ntrol of Biofilm Growth in Drinking Water Distribution Systems janic Air Emissions from Waste Management Facilities National Rural Clean Water Program Symposium RA Corrective Action Stabilization Technologies ntrol of Lead and Copper in Drinking Water .......... llhead Protection: A Guide for Small Communities
625/4-87/017 625/4-87/018 625/4-89/019 625/4-89/020 625/4-89/021 625/4-89/022 625/4-89/023 625/4-89/024 .625/4-91/025 625/4-91/026 625/4-91/027
625/4-91/030 625/R-92/001 625/R-92/003 625/R-92/006 625/R-92/014 625/R-93/001 625/R-93/002
ROCHURE ironmental Pollution Control Alternatives: Drinking Water Treatment for Small Communities ...
tage Treatment and Disposal (Oct. 1984) und Water (Revised 1991) - Volume II: Methodology (July 1991) ......... rofitting POTWs for Phosphorus Removal in the Chesapeake Bay Drainage Area (Sept. 1987) de to Technical Resources for the Design of Land Disposal Facilities (Dec. 1988).. dance on Setting Permit Conditions and Reporting Trial Burn Results (Jan. 1989) rofitting POTWs (July 1989) .... ardous Waste Incineration Measurement Guidance (June 1989) bilization/Solidification of CERCLA and RCRA Wastes (July 1989). ality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) Procedures for Hazardous Waste Incineration (Jan. 1990) ...... eration and Maintenance of Hospital Waste Incinerators (Jan. 1990) essing the Geochemical Fate of Deep-Well Injected Hazardous Waste (June 1990) Reference Guide ......... ummaries of Recent Research
625/6-84/009 625/6-91/014 625/6-90/016a 625/6-90/0166 625/6-87/017 625/6-88/018 625/6-89/019 625/6-89/020 625/6-89/021 ...625/6-89/022 625/6-89/023 625/6-89/024
625/6-89/025a 625/6-89/025b
625/6-91/02 ...... 625/6-91/02
Stabilization Technologies for RCRA Corrective Actions (Aug. 1991). ........ Approach (Feb. 1991) ..... Vitrification Technologies for Treatment of Hazardous and Radioactive Waste (May 1992)... • Control of Air Emissions from Superfund Sites.
625/6-91/02 ... 625/6-91/03 625/6-91/03 .625/6-91/03 625/R-92/06 625/R-92/0
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL MANUALS The Pesticide Formulating Industry (Feb. 1990) Approaches for Remediation of Uncontrolled Wood Preserving Sites (Nov. 1990) .... The Photoprocessing Industry (Oct. 1991) The Automotive Repair Industry (Oct. 1991)... The Fiberglass-Reinforced and Composite Plastics Industry (Oct. 1991) The Marine Maintenance and Repair Industry (Oct. 1991) ..... The Automotive Refinishing Industry (Oct. 1991) The Pharmaceutical Industry (Oct. 1991) ... Metal Casting and Heat Treating Industry (Sep. 1992)..
..... 62587-90/00 .... 625/7-90/00 625/7-90/00 .625/7-90/00 625/7-90/00 .625/7-90/00 625/7-90/01 .625/7-90/01 .625/7-91/01 ..... 625/7-91/01 625/7-91/01 625/7-91/01 .625/7-91/01 .625/7-91/01 625/R-92/0C 625/R-92/00
SUMMARY REPORTS
625/8-89/01 625/8-89/01 625/8-90/01 625/R-92/01
EXECUTIVE BRIEFINGS Injection Well Mechanical Integrity ...... Experiences in Incineration Applicable to Superfund Site Remediation Volumetric Tank Testing: An Overview
625/9-89/00 625/9-88/00 625/9-89/00
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY PUBLICATIONS
625/10-85/0 625/10-8470 625/10-90/0 625/R-92/01
SOFTWARE POTW Expert ............... User's Guide: Strategic WAste Minimization Initiative (SWAMI) Version 2.0 • GRoundwater Information Tracking System with STATistical Analysis Capability
625/11-90/0 625/11-9170 625/11-91/0
OTHER
..... 600/M-91/05 625/12-91/00
•Listed for first time. To order any of the above items, please use the Ordering Form on the last page. To reduce our cost, please limit number of pu tions to 9. Justification on letterhead required for more than 9 coples. Page 18Page 19
The Impact of Research, Development including air, water, and solid wastes. The results of this and Demonstration re-orientation are now starting to become apparent, particularly in the industrial activities such as the recent The feature article of this issue deals with the use of new seminars. technology in municipal wastewater treatment. The article indicates a dramatic increase in the use of new technology within the past two years. A great deal of the First Technical Capsule Report Published increase is due directly or indirectly to the EPA The first in a continuing series of Technical Capsule Technology Transfer effort. Most of the technology Reports has been completed and is now available. involved in the Technology Transfer Program has Purpose of these documents is to provide the technical evolved from the research, development and demonstra manager of a manufacturing plant with the essential tion programs of the EPA Office of Research and information resulting from EPA Industrial DemonstraMonitoring headed by Dr. Stanley M. Greenfield. The tion Projects. The Capsule Reports are so structured that support and direction by Dr. Greenfield have been the the key technical and economic information is briefly, key factors in the success of the Technology Transfer yet accurately, presented and can be readily understood effort and have insured that the end products of the in one reading. EPA research and demonstration programs are trans "Recycling Zinc in Viscose Rayon Plants by Two State Precipitation" is the title of the first Technical mitted to potential users in a timely and effective Capsule Report. Results of an EPA Demonstration Grant manner. with the American Enka Company are presented and Several months ago the Technology Transfer Program discussed. In this grant, a process for precipitating a was redirected by Dr. Greenfield, from a municipal dense sludge of high zinc assay was proven. The zinc in wastewater treatment orientation to a more compre- the sludge was recovered and recycled to the rayon hensive approach to environmental pollution control manufacturing plant with no ill effects on the rayon Dr. Stanley M. Greenfield, Assistant Administrator for Research and Monitoring, speaking at a Technology Transfer Design Seminar. Page 20
John M. Smith during Upgrading session in Chicago seminar.
Technical sessions on upgrading existing wastewater treatment facilities, nitrogen control, and phosphorus removal were included in the Chicago Seminar. The general session covered aspects of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. Mr. Albert C. Printz, Director, Office of Permit Programs, EPA, Washington, D.C., made this presentation to the 120-plus consulting engineers and regulatory personnel in attendance from the Great Lakes area. Mr. Charles Swanson, Office of Air and Water Programs, EPA, Washington, D.C., discussed Technical Bulletins and Design Guidelines in light of the new legislation. Francis T. Mayo, Regional Administrator, Region V, spoke on "New Thrusts in Great Lakes Water Pollution Control." The Boston Seminar also covered sludge handling and disposal. Dr. Clifford V. Smith, Deputy Regional Administrator, Region 1, welcomed the attendees to the seminar. Feature presentations at the above design seminars were given by Brown and Caldwell Consulting Engineers, San Francisco, Calif.; Black, Crow & Eidsness, Inc., Wilmington, Del., Hazen and Sawyer Engineers, New York, N.Y.; Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., Boston, Mass.; CH2M/Hill, Reston, Va.; and Shimek, Roming, Jacobs & Finklea, Dallas, Texas. Assistance from the EPA National Environmental Research Center in Cincinnati, Ohio was provided by Jesse Cohen, Ed Barth, Joseph Farrell, John Smith, James Smith, and Irwin Kugelman.
Asa B. Foster, Jr., EPA Region IV.
world. EPA participation in this exposition-the largest in the textile industry-included the Technology Transfer exhibit previously used at the WPCF annual conference in Atlanta. Asa B. Foster, Jr., Categorical Programs Chief, Region IV, coordinated the entire EPA effort at the Southern Textile Exposition.
Infiltration-Inflow Seminars
WWEMA Conference and Exposition
Technology Transfer has been invited to participate on the program and provide an exhibit for the Water and Wastewater Equipment Manufacturers Association (WWEMA) “Conference and Exposition on Industrial Water and Pollution" to be held in Chicago, Illinois, March 14-16, 1973. Both the presentation and exhibit will highlight the status and future activities of Technology Transfer's industrial program. The exhibit will also be the focal point for the distribution of Technical Capsule Reports and technical handouts from the industrial seminar series. The WWEMA Conference is entirely industrially oriented and will feature an extensive technical program which includes case histories, roundtable discussions,
Technology Transfer is in the final planning stages of developing a seminar series covering the subject of excessive infiltration/inflow in sewer systems. The seminar series is in answer to a direct request from the Office of Water Programs to impact the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. The Act states that the Administrator shall not approve any grants after July 1, 1973, for treatment works unless the applicant shows to the satisfaction of the Administrator that each sewer system discharging into such treatment works is not subject to excessive infiltration/inflow. Seminars will be held in each region and will clarify the regulations and guidelines as elated to excessive filtration/inflow and go into survey and analysis procedures and infiltration control techniques.
Use of New Technology in Municipal wastewater treatment facilities were included in the inventory just four years ago. Wastewater Treatment During the past two years, however, the adoption of new or advanced municipal wastewater treatment tech nology has accelerated at a dramatic rate. It is difficult Until recently, the accepted methods of municipal to precisely determine the causes for the rapidly wastewater treatment were primary or secondary treat- spreading acceptance of new technology. While a major ment basically consisting of sedimentation and/or bio amount of new treatment designs may be attributed logical treatment. Biological processes usually consisted directly or indirectly to the efforts of the Technology of trickling filtration and activated sludge or the various Transfer Program, it is undoubtedly true that other modifications of the activated sludge process, such as factors have also played a role. These include more contact stabilization, extended aeration, and step aera- stringent water quality standards and requirements, tion. Oxidation ponds or lagoons also were and are increased social awareness of environmental problems, widely used, particularly in the midwestern areas of the institutional changes in State and municipal regulatory United States. A summary of municipal wastewater agencies and the efforts of professional engineering treatment facilities in the United States in 1968, taken organizations. Some of the major advanced wastewater from the Federal Water Quality Administration's unici- treatment processes and techniques now rapidly finding pal Inventory, is shown in the accompanying table. It their way into municipal treatment plant designs are should be noted that only ten "tertiary" or advanced presented and briefly discussed below. Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems
Historically, the oxygen required in the activated sludge treatment process has been provided by the introduction of atmospheric air into the treatment system. Oxygen gas, however, possesses certain characteristics which can make its use, in lieu of atmospheric air, advantageous. One of these is the high partial pressure of pure oxygen-approximately 4.7 times that of oxygen in air. This allows for the maintenance of a greater reservoir of dissolved oxygen in that portion of the treatment system needing it. The basic concept of using pure oxygen rather than air in the activated sludge process originated more than twenty years ago. It has been just recently, however, that oxygen aeration has become economically feasible due to technological advances in oxygen production and gas contacting equipment. In 1968, an EPA funded research project at Batavia, New York, conducted by the Linde Division of Union Carbide Corporation, successfully demonstrated the use of pure oxygen in a full-scale application. Since that time additional research pilot and full-scale operation have confirmed that the successful use of pure oxygen represents a major advance in wastewater treatment technology. A summary of some
of the advantages of high purity oxygen treatment concentrations 2. Low detention periods 3. Low quantities of excess biological sludge
The technology for phosphorus removal from wastewater is now well established and spreading rapidly in those areas of the country faced with eutrophication problems. The number of municipalities that are either currently removing phosphorus, or planning removal in the near future, is now so lengthy and growing so rapidly that it is impractical to attempt to list them. There are, however, approximately 150 treatment facilities that are in these categories at the present time with the vast majority located in the Great Lakes area.
Chemicals For Phosphorus Removal
4. Improved sludge settling characteristics 5. Reduced power requirements 6. High dissolved oxygen levels in all stages 7. Low waste gas volume Oxygen aeration is equally applicable to the upgrading of existing overloaded secondary treatment facilities as it is to new plant design and construction. Several applications include: 1. Upgrading of existing overloaded activated sludge plants by conversion from air aeration to oxygen aeration. 2. Upgrading of existing trickling filter plants by adding oxygen aeration as a second stage biological step in the treatment system. 3. New plant construction, both with and without primary sedimentation. The use of high purity oxygen has spread, and continues to spread, very rapidly throughout the country. Additional companies are entering the field with proprietary equipment and variations of the basic oxygen process. Currently, there are approximately 40 treatment plants with a total design capacity of approximately 1,500 mgd under design, construction or operation. A partial listing of wastewater treatment facilities that are now under design, construction, or operation utilizing oxygen aeration follows: Design Flow Location (MGD). Detroit, Michigan 300 Middlesex County, N. J. 120 East Bay MUD, Calif. 120 Louisville, Ky. 105 Miami, Fla. 55 Hollywood, Fla. 36 Danville, Va. 24 Euclid, Ohio 22 Newtown Creek, N.Y.C. 20 Decatur, III. 18 Fayetteville, N. C. 16 Salem, Oregon 16 New Rochelle, N. Y. 14 Fairfax County, Va. 12 Jacksonville, Fla. 10 Speedway, Ind. 10 Morganton, N. C. 8 Deer Park, Texas 6 Baltimore, Md. 5
Ferric Chloride FeCl3 Ferric Sulfate Fe2(SO.)3 Ferrous Chloride FeCl2 Ferrous Sulfate FeSO4 Alum Al2(SO4)3 Sodium Aluminate NaAlO2 Steel Mill Pickling Liquor FeCl2 + FeSO4 Lime Ca(OH)2 Effective phosphorus removal is accomplished primarily by chemical precipitation. Phosphorus forms insoluble precipitates with a number of chemicals; however lime, salts of iron and salts of aluminum are the chemicals that are currently economically feasible for use. The precipitation of phosphorus must be followed by liquid solids separation. Fortunately, this can be accomplished relatively simply and economically in existing conventional biological treatment plants. A major side benefit to chemical precipitation and removal of phosphorus is the coagulation and removal of additional organic solids with a resultant increase in the BOD and suspended solids removal efficiency of the treatment plant. Total phosphorus in the effluent can now typically be reduced to 1 mg/1 or less. One of the prime factors in the rapid acceptance of phosphorus removal by chemical precipitation is the relatively low initial capital cost and the ease of equipment installation. Basic equipment required consists primarily of chemical storage tanks, polymer storage tanks (where needed) and chemical pump and feed lines. Chemical precipitation for phosphorus removal is now becoming so widely accepted and used that it will soon be considered as part of the "conventional" state-of-the-art and no longer considered as a type of advanced wastewater treatment.
Nitrogen is being identified as the controlling nutrient in eutrophication in some areas of the country. The removal of nitrogen is therefore becoming an increasingly important area of wastewater treatment technology. There are currently four principal methods of nitrogen removal: Biological Denitrification: A three-stage biological system has been developed under the EPA research program
Modifications of The Denitrification Process
to remove nitrogen. The first stage is a high rate, short aeration time (about 2 hours), biological reactor for organic carbon oxidation, and hydrolysis of organic nitrogen to ammonia. The second stage provides about 3 hours of detention and achieves essentially complete nitrification. The third stage is for denitrification of nitrate to nitrogen gas. An organic source must be added to the third stage to force the denitrification reaction to take place. Methanol has thus far been found to be the most effective source since it is relatively inexpensive, reacts rapidly, and provides only a minimum of energy for growth of new organisms. The theoretical requirement is 1.9 mg methanol per mg of nitrate-N. In practice, a dose of about 3 mg methanol to 1 mg nitrate-N is required to compensate for synthesis and the demand exerted by dissolved oxygen remaining in the wastewater after the nitrification stage. Biological nitrification/denitrification is now being designed for large capacity treatment plants at the Blue Plains treatment plant in Washington, D.C. (309 mgd) and the Salt Creek Treatment Plant in Chicago (30 mgd). Breakpoint Chlorination: When chlorine is added to a wastewater containing ammonia nitrogen, the ammonia reacts with the hypochlorous acid formed to produce chloramines. The addition of chlorine, up to the breakpoint, results in conversion to and subsequent release of nitrogen gas. The chlorine breakpoint occurs as a ration of approximately eight to ten parts of chlorine to one part of ammonia-N. Data from EPA research projects indicates that ammonia-N concentration in the effluent can be reduced to 0.1 mg/1 if adequate mixing, dosing, and pH control is maintained. Two potential adverse effects of breakpoint chlorination are high chlorine residuals and mineralization in the form of chlorides. The high chlorine residuals may be overcome by installation of carbon contactors prior to discharge to the receiving waters. The receiving stream, however, must be able of accepting the additional mineralization without adverse effects on proposed water usage. Ammonia Stripping: Ammonia nitrogen may be removed from wastewater by raising the pH above 11, generally with lime used for phosphorus removal, and stripping out the ammonia with air. The classic application of ammonia stripping is the now well known experience at Lake Tahoe, California. The Tahoe stripping tower is 50 feet high, with forced ventilation, and packed with treated hemlock slats with 1-1/2 inch vertical and 2 inch horizontal spacing. Initial perform
Selective lon Exchange: The relatively recent discovery that a naturally occurring zeolite, clinoptilolite, had ion exchange properties favoring the exchange of ammonium over most other cations, makes ion exchange appear to have significant promise as being economically feasible for ammonium removal from wastewater. EPA research projects indicate that ion-exchange columns may be operated for approximately 24 to 30 hours before regeneration of the resin is required. Regeneration may be accomplished by a solution of lime and
which cannot be removed by clarification or filtration. The adsorption process consists of passing the treated wastewater through carbon contactors, or beds of granular activated carbon. Carbon contactors may be of either the upflow or downflow types. Downflow columns provide a degree of filtration in addition to adsorption and have been operated at flow rates ranging from 2 to 8 gpm/fta. Periodic backwashing of downflow columns is required as the pressure loss increases due to suspended solids accumulating in the carbon bed. Carbon beds, or contactors, may be operated in the upflow mode as packed beds at low hydraulic loadings (less than 2 gpm/sq ft), as partially expanded beds at higher hydraulic loadings (4-7 gpm/sq ft), or packed against the top of the contactor at much higher hydraulic loading rates. Typical commercial granular carbon sizes used are 8 x 30 and 12 x 40 mesh. As organics from the wastewater are adsorbed by the granular activated carbon, the carbon eventually requires regeneration in order to be reused. It is this regeneration and reuse of granular carbon that makes it economically feasible for wastewater treatment. Exhausted granular carbon is hydraulically transported in a water slurry, dewatered, and regenerated thermally by heating to 1500°F – 1700°F in a multiple-hearth furnace where the adsorbed impurities are volatilized and released in gaseous form. Carbon losses usually vary from 5 to 10 percent per regeneration cycle. Filtration may be required prior to activated carbon adsorption in order to reduce the clogging rate of the carbon pores. The use of filtration, usually of the mixed-media type, also enables the use of packed upflow carbon beds as well as the packed downflow types, and will normally result in a more efficient removal of solids than carbon alone, with a resultant higher quality of effluent. When upflow expanded bed carbon contactors are used, filtration units may be used downstream of the carbon columns to remove the floc which is flushed from the carbon. Polymers may be fed to the filter influent to be used as coagulant aids. Some of the advantages of physical-chemical treatment are: 1. Less area requirement.. 1/2 to 1/4 5. Superior removal of 'P' compounds 6. Greater flexibility in design and operation 7. Superior organic removal
There is some confusion as to what treatment processes the term physical-chemical (P-C) treatment includes. Physical-chemical treatment processes include chemical clarification, filtration, and activated carbon adsorption. P-C treatment may follow biological treatment processes, such as used at Lake Tahoe, or may be “independent" physical-chemical treatment which utilizes the P-C components only, without biological treatment. Chemical clarification of raw sewage will consistently provide 65 to 75 percent removal of organic material. Chemicals such as alum, lime or iron salts used for chemical clarification will also provide high degrees of phosphorus removal. Chemical clarification may be accomplished in a series of steps including mixing, flocculation and sedimentation. These steps may be combined in proprietary single units commonly designated as solids-contact clarifiers. Carbon adsorption, which is the major new process involved in physical-chemical treatment of wastewater, provides removal of colloidal and dissolved organics Page 21
removal. Deep-bed filters using two or more types of media provide a substantial increase in filter depth over single media type units. "Mixed" or tri-media filters, such as those used at Lake Tahoe, generally consist of layers of anthracite coal, sand, and garnet. The lower specific gravity (1.6) coal is on top and higher specific gravity (4) garnet is on the bottom to prevent excessive mixing of the media materials during backwashing. Filter depths are 24 to 30 inches with effective size gradations of about 1.0 mm at the top to about 0.15 mm at the bottom. Filters are operated at flow rates ranging from 5-10 gpm/sq ft. Mixed media deep-bed filters provide an excellent method of effluent quality assurance by removal of virtually all of the suspended solids and by high degrees of removal of turbidity and phosphorus.
Total Plant Cost 28.3 Note: Total cost includes capital costs, operating and mainte nance costs, & amortization. Up to the present time, the use of physical-chemical treatment for municipalities has been considered economically feasible for plant sizes greater than 3-5 mgd due to the cost of carbon regenerating systems. However, a major commercial carbon supplier has recently introduced the concept of centralized regional regenera-' tion plants which will eliminate a major capital cost for smaller facilities and could result in even more widespread use of physical-chemical treatment.
Microscreening installation in Chicago, Illinois.
New technology is also rapidly being adopted for upgrading the removal of suspended solids from conventional wastewater treatment systems. Gravity sedimentation is no longer providing adequate liquid-solids separation for many municipalities. Major advances in suspended solids removal include chemical clarification, deep-bed filtration, and microscreening. Chemical Clarification. Chemical clarification for suspended solids removal has been discussed in some detail above, under the section on phosphorus removal. As noted previously, chemical clarification is now becoming standard practice in many parts of the country. Chemical clarification is the most feasible method for colloid removal. Chemical coagulation and clarification may be accomplished in either primary, secondary, or tertiary clarification units. The use of chemicals can often provide a municipality with the incremental BOD and suspended solids removal efficiency, necessary to meet water quality requirements, without major new additions to the treatment facility. Deep-Bed Filtration. Filtration of secondary effluent provides a positive, reliable method of suspended solids
Microscreening. Microscreens are surface filtration devices that are finding increasing use for polishing effluent from secondary biological treatment plants. The microscreen units consist of rotating drums with specially woven corrosion-resistant fabric mounted on the periphery. Influent enters the drum along the axis and flows radially outward through the fabric. The filtration or screening efficiency depends primarily on the fabric size and the character of the solids being removed. Microscreen units are available with variable drum speeds and backwash pressures to accommodate variations in flow and solids loading. Microscreens are washed continuously requiring approximately 5 percent of the filter throughput for this operation. Data from current installations indicate removal of 50 to 80 percent of the biological solids in secondary effluent using screen sizes from 23 to 35 microns. The treatment processes and systems described above represent major advances in wastewater treatment technology and are, in most cases, being used, or ready for use in full-scale applications. Many other treatment processes are being developed under the EPA research and demonstration program including: the use of powdered carbon in physical-chemical treatment; the use of ozonation for oxidation of organics and disinfection; and the use of ion exchange and reverse osmosis for removal of dissolved inorganics. As the development of these and other new wastewater treatment processes progresses, we may expect to find the near-future inventory of municipal treatment processes expanding even more rapidly and more diversely than it has within the past three years.
Industrial Waste Seminars
Technology Transfer Co-Sponsors National Conference on Complete Water Reuse in Industry
Technology Transfer has joined with the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) in sponsoring a National Conference on Complete Water Reuse in Industry, to be held in Washington, D.C., April 24-26, 1973. The conference will be organized into 21 sessions with approximately 70 papers to be presented covering most of the major industrial sources of pollution. Participation will be provided for industry, government and civic organizations, and environmentalists.
A major portion of Technology Transfer's industrial program is the industrial waste seminar series. These seminars are being used to disseminate technical information to specific industries concerning the control and treatment of air, water, and solid wastes. A typical seminar agenda includes such topics as legislative and regulatory requirements, effluent sampling techniques, in-plant modifications to reduce pollution, technology available for pretreatment prior to discharge of wastes to municipal systems, treatment and control technology for discharges to waterways, by-product recovery, air pollution control, and solid waste disposal.
A second printing of the Technology Transfer Handbook for Analytical Quality Control in Water and Wastewater Laboratories has recently been completed. The initial printing of 14,000 copies was exhausted in less than three months and an additional 10,000 copies was ordered in late October of last year. These additional copies are now available for distribution.
The seminars that have been held to date include "Upgrading Poultry Processing Facilities to Reduce Pollution" (Atlanta, Ga., September 1972), and "Upgrading Metal Finishing Facilities to Reduce Pollution" (New York, N.Y., December 1972). The favorable response to both seminars has resulted in the repeating of each; the former in Little Rock, Arkansas, January 16-18, and the latter in Philadelphia, Pa., January 30-31. Two new seminars are now being presented. A seminar on "Upgrading Meat Packing Facilities to Reduce Pollution" will be held in Kansas City, Mo., in March and a seminar on "Upgrading Dairy Facilities to Reduce Pollution" will be held in EPA Region | the
Technology Transfer participated in the conference entitled "Pollution Control '73" sponsored by Chemical Engineering Magazine and held in New York City, December 12-14, 1972. The conference highlighted new legislative requirements, regulatory standards, technological alternatives available to control or treat effluents, and transfer of technology.
Design Manuals Receive Third Printing
Technology Transfer to Participate in APWA Workshops
Once again several Regional Offices have depleted their supply of the four Technology Transfer Process Design Manuals. As a result, a rush reprinting to satisfy the backlog of requests until the revised versions of the manuals become available later this year has just been completed. The number of copies of each manual in circulation after this printing now totals nearly 20,000.
Members of the Technology Transfer staff will participate in the American Public Works Association (APWA) workshop series on sewerage and urban drainage systems. This series, aimed at Public Works Directors, starts in February and will be conducted in such cities as San Francisco, Oklahoma City, Cincinnati, Philadelphia, Chicago, New Orleans, and Los Angeles. The Technology Transfer staff members will serve as instructors for portions of these sessions and will also provide instructional materials. A key focus of the two-day sessions will be on upgrading existing wastewater treatment facilities. These workshops are being conducted under the direction of Mr. Richard Sullivan of APWA. Additional information may be obtained from the APWA Education Foundation, 1313 East 60th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637.
Second Videotape Available 1 A videotape covering the topic of Upgrading Activated Sludge Treatment Plants is now available for loan from Technology Transfer on an availability basis. The tape is approximately 40 minutes in length and is composed of three segments: pre-plant considerations; in-plant process modifications; and effluent polishing. Requests for loan of this tape-the second produced by Technology
Transfer to date,may be made by completing the last page of this newsletter and forwarding it to your regional Technology Transfer committee chairman.
established. We feel it is more important that the material presented be accurate, timely, and useful than it is to publish this document exactly every three months. This is why a period of more than three months may elapse between issues, and has several times in the past. As a matter of further information, Technology Transfer has distributed more than 600,000 copies of its various publications in the last year and a half. Included in this total are over 400,000 copies of process and project brochures; approximately 100,000 copies of technical manuals and handbooks; and nearly 100,000 copies of this publication, which now has a mailing list of about 20,000.
Recently there have been several inquiries as to whether this publication receives distribution monthly, quarterly, etc. Apparently some individuals feel they may have been inadvertently missed in a mailing. An attempt is made to publish this information document approximately once a quarter, but a rigid time frame is not,
Where To Get Further Information In order to get details on items appearing in this publication, or any other aspects of the Technology Transfer Program, contact your appropriate EPA Regional Technology Transfer Committee Chairman from the list below:
Please send me the following publications at no charge. (Check appropriate boxes) PROCESS DESIGN MANUALS BROCHURES Phosphorus Removal Physical-Chemical Treatment Carbon Adsorption Phosphorus Removal Suspended Solids Removal Upgrading Existing Wastewater Upgrading Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants Treatment Plants Seattle, Washington METRO 0 Wastewater Purification at Lake Tahoe 0 Indian Creek Reservoir Carbon Adsorption
HANDBOOK Analytical Quality Control in Water and Wastewater Laboratories
Please contact me regarding the loan of the following audio/visual material. (Check appropriate boxes)
MOTION PICTURES (16mm sound) Richardson, Texas, Project Title "Somebody around here must be doing something good." (15 min.) Phosphorus Removal (5 min.)
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
POSTAGE AND FEES PAID ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY EPA-335
OFFICIAL BUSINESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE. $300 Page 22
From left to right: John Green, USEPA Region VIII Administrator; Robert E. Crowe, Director of Technology
A highlight at the Technology Transfer exhibit
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SLUDGE MANUAL INTRODUCED AT DENVER he new Technology Transfer Process De sign Manual for Sludge Treatment and Disposal was introduced this past October in Denver at the 47th Annual Conference of the Water Pollution Control Federation. The manual was distributed at the Technology Transfer exhibit area to more than 5,000 engineers, scientists, and other professionals attending the conference. The manual was enthusiastically received at the conference and several thousand additional requests for copies have been received through the mail indicating again the need for comprehensive manuals of this type. A copy of the manual may be ordered by using the request form at the rear of this publication.
Refer to inside last page of this publication for complete listing of current Technology Transfer publications. Page 23
strument design ad operation. Evaluation reports are prepared and published on each instrument tested. Because of the increasing use of nuclear reactors for power generation, methods for the assessment of environmental impact of reactor operations and waste handling are necessary. The Radiochemistry and Nuclear Engineering Branch is charged with selecting, developing and demonstrating analytical methods for radionuclides in a variety of environmental media. The staff of the Branch studies the transport of radionuclides in the vicinity of reactors and makes field studies to define the impact of proposed new nuclear power plants and nuclear fuel processing facilities. Procedures for the accurate measurement of the amount and types of radionuclides in plant effluents are developed and standardized by the Branch. Technical assistance is provided to other elements of EPA in the assessment of radioactivity levels in the environment. A variety of activities related to improving and monitoring the quality of laboratory data are carried out by the Quality Assurance and Laboratory Evaluation Branch of MDQARL. Interlaboratory studies leading to the validation of Agency test procedures for water quality and waste constituents are conducted. These studies, utilizing many laboratories from the public and private sectors, provide data on the precision, accuracy, and dependability of approved methods and assist in the interpretation of monitoring data. Reports of these studies provide information to both analysts and decision makers and help to identify needed improvement in laboratory methodology. The Branch develops intralaboratory quality control procedures to assure the reliability of analyses and data handling and provides check samples for the evaluation of analyst performance. A series of quality control samples are distributed by the Branch to laboratories engaged in water and waste analysis. These samples, available without charge, enable the laboratory to measure its performance against known pollutant levels and to highlight problem areas in analytical methods, equipment, or techniques. Through both inhouse and extramural projects, the Quality Assurance and Laboratory Evaluation Branch develops systems for the evaluation of laboratories, including inspection forms, test protocols, check sample performance evaluations, and approval mechanisms. These systems, used to measure laboratory capabilities at the Federal, state, and local level, assist in establishing the reliability of environmental data banks. As presently conceived, these programs may lead to the approval of specific laboratories for environmental measurements required by current EPA regulatory activities. The present staff of the MDQAR Laboratory
numbers 90, of which 52 are professional scientists and engineers. At the present time the staff is in three separate buildings in Cincinnati, with the laboratory headquarters at 1014 Broadway. When the new National Environmental Research Center building is completed in October, the laboratory will be consolidated into the new and improved physical facility. The MDQAR Laboratory has an increasing history. It was established in 1957 as the central laboratory for the National Water Quality Network of the U.S. Public Health Service. With the formation of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration as the parent organization, and the transfer of surveillance responsibilities to regional offices, the laboratory assumed its present role as a research component under the title of Analytical Quality Control Laboratory. In September 1973, the present MDQARL was formed, as part of the National Environmental Research Center-Cincinnati, incorporating the old AQCL with virology and radiochemistry elements from other Cincinnati organizations. Throughout its history MDQARL has made significant contributions to the science of water and waste methodology. Among these are the application of the carbon absorption systems for monitoring organics, methods for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, automated colorimetric analyses, use of the emission spectrograph for multielement measurements, procedures for the identification of oil, methods for the determination of mercury, the application of gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) to organic identification, the development of artificial substrates for the collection of aquatic organisms, the preparation and publication of taxonomic keys for organism identification, methods for the isolation and identification of viruses and pathogens in water, the publication of specifications for integrated water quality monitoring instruments and data transmission systems, and the conduct of definitive studies of the precision and accuracy of analytical methods. Current research activities include improved methods for cyanide, phenols, pesticides, and other toxic pollutants, development of new techniques for GC/MS, quantitative detection of viruses, rapid methods for pathogens and indicator organisms, new and improved techniques for biological investigations, evaluation of effluent monitoring systems, measurement of gaseous radionuclides in the vicinity of nuclear facilities, validation of Agency methods for chemical and biological measurements, and the development of new check samples for a variety of laboratory programs. In order to maintain awareness of standardization activities by other groups, the laboratory staff participates in the preparation of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Committees D-19, D-22, E-2, and E-36 of
From left to right: Mrs. Pat Zweig, USEPA, Region IV; Mr. Asa Foster, USEPA, Region IV, Technology Transfer Chairman; and Mrs. Dianne Kilmer, USEPA, Region IV, Public Affairs Office, participate in the International Textile Exposition (ITEX '74) in Greenville, South Carolina.
REQUEST FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER MATERIAL
The publications listed on this form are the only ones available through the Office of Technology Transfer. Please send me the following publications at no charge. (Check appropriate boxes)
For the following audio-visual material, please contact your Regional Technology Transfer Chairman. (See listing) MOTION PICTURES (16mm sound) VIDEOTAPES
• Carbon Adsorption. (40 min.) • Upgrading Activated Sludge Treatment Plants. (40 min.)
. Richardson Texas Project-Title: "Somebody around here must be doing something good.” (15 min.) • Phosphorus Removal (5 min.) • Water Quality Management, Alameda Creek, Calif. Title: "The Water Plan." (281/2 min.) • The Seattle METRO Story. (28 min.)
If you are not currently on the mailing list for this Technology Transfer Newsletter, do you want to be added? Yes o No 0
City State. Zip Note: Tear this sheet out and forward to Technology Transfer, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. 20460
Detach this request sheet and mail in envelope to :
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER, RD 677 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Washington, D.C. 20460 Page 24
7.9: 175/5 EP791975/ TECHNOLOGY INDIANA UNIVERSITY TRANSFER
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
TECHNICAL CAPSULE REPORT ON FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION AND SULFURIC ACID PRODUCTION VIA MAGNESIA SCRUBBING
technical Capsule Report covering the two year operation of a large prototype sulfur dioxide recovery plant based upon magnesia slurry scrubbing is presently being printed and will be available for distribution at the APCA '75 Exhibition, June 15-19, in Boston, Mass. This prototype program was jointly funded by EPA and Boston Edison Company. The SO2 absorption plant was installed at Boston Edison's Mystic Station in Everett, Massachusetts, and the regeneration facility at Essex Chemical's Rumford, Rhode Island, sulfuric acid plant. The Capsule Report describes both process operations at Boston Edison and Essex Chemical; the problems encountered during the test Page 25
@ 300° F) of flue gas containing 1800-4000 ppm sulfur dioxide and 2 to 5 grains/scf of particulates. The limestone and lime reliability testing at the Shawnee facility has shown that scrubber internals can be kept relatively free of scale if the sulfate (gypsum) saturation of the scrubber slurry is kept below about 135 percent. For your copy of this Capsule Report, use the order blank at the back of this newsletter.
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER/AICHE
TECHNICAL CAPSULE REPORT ON MAGNESIUM CARBONATE- A RECYCLED COAGULANT FOR WATER TREATMENT
Technology Transfer and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers jointly sponsored the 2nd National Conference on Complete Water Reuse, held at the Palmer House, May 4-8, 1975, in Chicago, Illinois. The Conference brought together government, industry, management, and environmental personnel to consider and evaluate the meaning and potential for complete water reuse systems to fulfill the objective of Public Law 92-500 for Zero Discharge of Pollutants, and Water's Interface with Energy, Air and Solids. Session topics included: Land Disposal of Wastewaters and Sludges; Technology Transfer in Water Reuse; Energy; and Air/Water Interface.
APCA '75 MEETING AND EXHIBITION
A technical Capsule Report describing a new magnesium recycle coagulation system for water treatment is presently being printed, and will be available for distribution at the 95th Annual Conference of the American Water Works Association (AWWA) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 8-13. The system is based on a combination of water softening and conventional coagulation techniques which can be applied to all types of water. The process development began in 1957 at the Dayton, Ohio, water treatment plant where a hard, clear, high magnesium water is softened by a lime-soda process. The cities of Melbourne, Florida, and Montgomery, Alabama, have also provided additional support to the development of the magnesium carbonate coagulation system. Approximately 1 million tons per year of dry solids are produced from an estimated 3,600 water treatment plants practicing coagulation throughout the country. Of these, less than 5 percent receive treatment of any kind before return to the water course. Wastes from water treatment plants are today recognized as a significant pollution problem. The new process offers an alternative approach to chemical sludge handling as well as providing for reuse of the chemicals. For your copy of this Capsule Report, use the order blank at the back of this newsletter.
PROCESS DESIGN MANUAL FOR SLUDGE TREATMENT & DISPOSAL
The following changes should be made in the Process Design Manual for Sludge Treatment and Disposal: • Figure 84, page 8-9: BTU rating should read-1,000 BTU/CF • Figure 9-2, page 9-11: Curves were based on a sludge concentration after thickening to 3-1/2% solids.
Participants at Technology Transfer Textile Seminar held in Boston on January 15-16, 1975. In front row (1-r) Mr. Luis Dichtl Subias of Empresa National Adaro, Spain; Mr. Fernando Troyano Lobaton of Spain's Ministry of Public Works; and Mr. Jaime Ruiz Rodriguez of Spain's Ministry of Industry.
tion and, within the time and resources allotted, provides OER with an accomplishment plan designed to provide the necessary outputs. This process yields several benefits. First, it assures that both OER and field research manager understand what is required. Second, it involves a high level of interaction among all parties involved in a particular research area, thus establishing linkages for future research coordination and information transfer. Third, it reduces to an absolute minimum the amount of paperwork involved. The program itself is being planned on a five year basis with approximately $130 million programmed for expenditures in FY 75. The purpose of the program is the development of a sound scientific and technical basis for ensuring (1) adequate protection of human health, welfare, ecosystem and social goals; (2) environmental protection necessary to facilitate the use of energy supplies, with particular emphasis on domestic fuels; (3) implementation of energy system initiatives without delays caused by inadequate and insufficient environmental impact data; (4) development of appropriate cost-effective control technologies for emerging energy systems; and (5) assessment of environmental implications of energy conservation measures in order to maximize the energy savings and minimize the associated impacts. The EPA energy-related environmental re search and development program is divided functionally into three activities: (1) the Processes and Effects program to determine the environmental effects (and hence the control requirements) associated with energy extraction, transmission, conversion and use, (2) the Environmental Control Technology Program to identify, develop and demonstrate necessary control techniques based on the source effluent and ambient pollutant control requirements specified in (1), and (3) the Policy Implementation Research Program to evaluate the environmental, economic and social consequences of alternative control strategies for energy systems as input to EPA policy formulation. Each of these three programs is addressed in more detail below. The energy-related processes and effects research program is composed of three general subactivities: pollutant identification, measurement and monitoring; health effects; and freshwater, marine and atmospheric/terrestrial ecological processes and effects. The program is designed to determine the environmental effects associated with energy extraction, transmission, conversion and use so that measures can be taken in a timely manner to protect human health, the ecosystem and social goals. Identification of the pollutants released by energyrelated industrial operations and determination
of their impact on the human and natural environment will define the environmental control requirements for the pollution operations. The environmental control technology program is divided into four general subactivities: extraction and beneficiation, fossil fuel combustion, synthetic fuels, and advanced systems and conservation. The program is designed to identify, develop and demonstrate cost-effective control techniques for energy extraction, transmission, conversion and use. The program necessarily involves assessment of the pollution potential of source effluent streams and the technological processes producing those pollutants as well as research and development on control devices and process modifications to reduce the impacts of the pollutants on ambient conditions. The thrust of the program is to provide adequate environmental protection as the Nation moves toward expanding use of domestic fuels. The policy and implementation research program objective is to provide the information necessary to develop comprehensive environmental protection standards for energy production activities while attempting to balance the environmental and economic costs. The comprehensive evaluation of environmental, economic and social consequences of energy alternatives is intended for use as a basis for EPA policy formulation.
Many of the technologies which show promise as solutions to environment/energy problems originated in CSL. In such diverse areas as flue gas cleaning, clean fuels, combustion modification, pollution control for metallurgical and chemical processes, and particle cleanup, Control Systems Laboratory has taken the developmental initiative through co-sponsorship of major research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) projects, contractual studies, and inhouse efforts. Subdivided programmatically, CSL consists of four Branches: Gas Cleaning and Metallurgical Processes, Clean Fuels and Energy, Particulate and Chemical Processes, and Engineering Analysis. The Engineering Analysis Branch provides the staff function of program monitoring and evaluation support, including project evaluations, program reviews, and industrial processes catalog development. The three line branches are engaged in a wide spectrum of control systems development work, ranging from small-scale experimental research to full-scale prototype demonstration and evaluation. The Gas Cleaning and Metallurgical Processes Branch is developing and demonstrating flue gas cleaning for fossil fuel-fired electric utility power plants and industrial boilers, and pollution control systems for metallurgical processes such as in the iron and steel, and smelting industries. Environmental assessment, pollution control for fuel conversion systems, development of
EPA's CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY
As a part of EPA's Office of Research and Development, the Control Systems Laboratory (CSL), based in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, has unique, wide-ranging responsibility in stationary source air pollution control and energy-related programs. CSL, under its director, Dr. John K. Burchard, is currently funding approximately 300 projects encompassing a broad range of research, development and demonstration programs interrelated by a ommon objective. The work of CSL is geared to answer the challenge of Section 101.(b)(2) of the Clean Air Act "to initiate and accelerate a national research and development program to achieve the prevention and control of air pollution." Over the last decade, CSL has established a comprehensive program to determine air pollution sources, assess the environmental impact of identified pollutants, and accelerate the development and commercial application of air pollution control processes.
Research Project-Magnesia Slurry Scrubbing System for SO, Removal at Boston Edison.
combustion modification techniques for nitrogen oxides control, and physical and chemical fuel cleaning are the responsibilities of the Clean Fuels and Energy Branch. The Particulate and Chemical Processes Branch is concerned with control of pollutants from chemical processes, development and demonstration of fine particulate control, improvement of conventional particulate control equipment, and evaluation and development of measurement, sampling, and analysis techniques and equipment.
chemical and physical properties of throwaway sludge, development/demonstration of environmentally acceptable disposal technology, the evaluation of technologies and markets for sludge utilization, purge reduction/elimination studies, evaluation of reductant gas technologies for by-product sulfur production, studies in overall FGD economics and applicability of FGD to non-utility combustion sources, and studies on the marketability of abatement sulfur and sulfuric acid from utility power plants.
To date, about 80 percent of CSL's total expenditures have been related to control of sulfur oxides (SOX) emissions from fuel combustion and have been concentrated in flue gas desulfurization (FGD). The efforts of CSL have accelerated the development of FGD so that it is now in the process of commercialization in this country. Over 100 flue gas desulfurization systems are currently in operation, under construction, or planned. CSL has been deeply involved in development/demonstration of the following flue gas desulfurization processes. (See table at bottom of this page.) An advanced FGD process producing elemental sulfur as the major system by-product and a double alkali FGD system are new full-scale development/demonstration projects currently being planned. In addition CSL has projects underway to improve FGD performance and reliability, and to evaluate and broaden the scope of FGD applications. These projects include determining
A second alternative to control SOX emissions is to remove the sulfur from fuel prior to combustion. CSL has developed and improved methods to physically clean coal of sulfur and ash, thus reducing the fuel's potential to pollute. This program is continuing, with emphasis placed on improving available means of coal cleaning, and evaluating and sponsoring novel techniques of physical pollutant removal. The 2-stage froth-flotation technique for separating pyrite from very fine coal will be demonstrated. A coal cleaning manual is being prepared which will aid in implementation of this technology. Methods are also being developed with CSL's assistance to chemically clean sulfur from coal. This project has been demonstrated successfully at the laboratory scale and a pilot scale operation is currently under negotiation. Other methods of pre-combustion cleaning of fuels are being investigated to determine their potential for control of sulfur, nitrogen, hazardous elements and compounds, and particulates. One of these methods removes vanadium and nickel from high metals, high sulfur residual oils, yielding a low polluting fuel oil.
Pollutant levels in dirty fuels (coal and oil) can be decreased by fuel conversion processes such as gasification or liquefaction. These processes remove potential pollutants from the raw fuel to provide clean synthetic fuels. In order to ensure that these systems do not simply transfer the environmental problems from the fuel usage to fuel processing, a significant effort is underway to environmentally assess the entire systems. The assessment is resulting in the identification of more environmentally sound and economic systems and is supplying input to environmental control technology development. The converted fuels could be utilized in many ways. One promising method uses the fuel in combined cycle power generation. CSL has performed studies in the past and is currently performing studies on the best integrated combined cycle approach for achieving both environmentally sound and economic total systems. In conjunction with this study, CSL is co sponsoring the development of a high tempera ture fuel gas desulfurization system which could be utilized as one step of the total system. There is a potential for developing nonpolluting fuels from wastes. A full-scale system which utilizes municipal waste as a fuel source is being demonstrated under CSL leadership. As with other fuel usage systems, an important aspect is to ensure that the system is environmentally sound.
and nitrogen oxides emissions. Economic studies indicate that the process appears to have viable commercial potential. The design of a larger, demonstration scale project is now underway. Combustion modification techniques are being developed as control methods for nitrogen oxides and other pollutants from existing and new conventional stationary combustion sources, and recent studies indicate that this technological approach is the primary near-term method of controlling NOx emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. CSL supported and directed efforts have shown that promising combustion modification techniques include combustion with low excess air, staged combustion, recirculation of flue gas in the fuel/air mixture, and burner/combustor systems rede sign. The major emphasis to date has been on combustion control for the electric utility industry since this industry ranks first among the stationary sources as a contributor of NOx emissions and a major user of fossil fuels. Industrial, commercial and residential combustion sources have also been subjects for significant R&D because of their fuel usage and the potential impact of area source emissions. Field testing of state-of-the-art combustion modification for residential and commercial heating systems, industrial boilers, and utility boilers is well advanced, and the results are the basis for design and user manuals to inform and guide manufacturers and operators in the application of the technology. Pilot demonstrations of staged combustion and other techniques for coal-fired utility boilers (firing both Eastern and Western coals) at field sites are underway. Reports of these investigations will provide practical operating information on the effects of the control techniques on NOx and other emissions and on unit performance. Similar studies are planned and are being initiated for other major combustion source categories in an effort to provide maximum stationary source technology for NOx control. • POLLUTION CONTROL FOR METAL LURGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES Control Systems Laboratory is also developing, evaluating, and improving air pollution control systems for metallurgical industries. Be cause of the different nature of each industry and different technical and economic constraints confronting it, programs to develop air pollution control technology have been tailored to each industry. The most significant advances to date have been in the control of emissions from coking operations. A full-scale demonstration by CSL in the development of coke oven charging control methods has led to the commercial installation of smokeless coke charging systems
• COMBUSTION MODIFICATION
Absorption of sulfur during combustion is another approach being studied by CSL to reduce sulfur oxides emissions. Since 1967, this Laboratory has been actively developing fluidized-bed combustion for coal, and fluidizedbed gasification/desulfurization of residual oil as a means of economical pollution control in steam and power generation. Study of the environmental control potential of the fluidizedbed coal combustion process has advanced to the stage where a 630 kW (equivalent) pilot plant, capable of being operated at up to 10 atm pressure, has been built. Bench scale testing of the fluidized-bed coal combustion process has demonstrated 90-95 percent SO2 removal at low sorbent addition rates, and up to 80 percent reduction of NOx emissions. Cost estimates indicate a potential power cost savings for new fluidized-bed boiler plants of 10-15 percent compared to new conventional pulverized-coal boilers with flue gas desulfurization. The environmental potential of the Chemically Active Fluid Bed process for gasifying and desulfurizing heavy fuel oil has been demonstrated in a CSL co-sponsored pilot-scale program. The pilot testing of the process has accomplished impressive reduction of sulfur, vanadium, nickel, sodium,
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Force/Condensation scrubber, this system is currently being tested at the pilot scale demonstration stage. The control of fine particulate (less than 3 microns) is receiving high priority because these particles persist in the atmosphere, comprise a variety of known toxic substances, and are a major contributor to atmospheric haze and visibility problems. Activities include evaluation of dust conditioning techniques, modification of charging sections and collecting electrodes for electrostatic precipitators, and evaluation of special operating techniques and filter fabrics to extend the capability of baghouses. In addition, novel concepts of particulate collection are being evaluated for performance and cost. Nearly 70 contractors, grantees and consultants are currently working with CSL to develop particulate control technology as rapidly as possible. A systems study of conventional electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) has been published in an ESP Handbook, and a systems study of wet ESPs is scheduled for completion this year. Other documents which have been prepared in this area under CSL direction include a wet scrubber handbook and a fabric filter handbook. A handbook documenting a systems study of scrubber entrainment separators is in preparation.
by several coke producers. Other promising demonstration programs in coke pushing and quenching are nearing completion. Novel coke oven door sealing techniques are now being evaluated and will be tested on operating ovens in the next fiscal year. Another metallurgical process for which CSL is developing control techniques is the charging of basic oxygen furnaces. This development program, being conducted on a 1 ton pilot furnace, is concentrated on process modifications, including development of a prototype emission collection system and a gas cleaning system that will allow emissions to be collected. Recirculation of sinter plant effluent gases is being studied as a means to control the large quantities of particles, hydrocarbons, and other gaseous emissions which are currently being emitted from these plants. CSL co-sponsorship has assisted in the development of a windbox gas recirculation system which is being installed on a commercial sinter plant. This process appears to be a viable solution to the sinter plant emission problem, with initial results indicating significant reduction of both plant emissions and system energy requirements. Evaluation and/or developmental control process work is also being conducted for the iron foundry cupola, secondary aluminum smelters, ferro-alloy furnaces, and primary copper, lead, and zinc smelters. The control of emissions from chemical and petroleum processes is also being studied by CSL. Steam stripping for the control of sulfur oxides from petroleum catalytic cracker regenerators has been tested favorably in a laboratory program. Available alternatives to control sulfur emissions from refineries and determination of the economic impact of various levels of control on the petroleum industry are currently being studied. Efforts to control atmospheric emissions from nitric and sulfuric acid plants are presently concentrated on treatment of tailgases from these industries. Demonstration programs are currently underway to evaluate the efficiency of a promising process for cleanup of these gases. Control of hydrocarbons is being tested for solvent evaporation operations, ethylene dichloride manufacture, and other stationary sources. • PARTICLE CONTROL Much progress has been made in recent years to control particulate matter emissions. Systems currently used for particulate removal (i.e., scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators, and fabric filter particle collectors) are receiving continued development and improvement through research conducted by Control Systems Laboratory. This CSL program has led to the development of a new class of scrubber systems. Called the Flux
CSL has efforts underway to acquire source assessment data relating the characteristics of hazardous, toxic and other pollutant emissions to their probable impact on receptors in order to define control technology development needs. The sources include industrial and utility combustion sources, non-combustion industrial processes, and open-burning sources. A listing of source priorities has been established and sources have been selected for which initial Source Assessment Documents are now being developed. These documents will consider the environmental impact of identified pollutants and present information necessary to allow decisions to be made by CSL personnel as to control development needs for the source types under consideration. Evaluation and development of sampling and analytical procedures supports assessment of problem areas, evaluation of control technolo gies and the development of advanced control technologies. CSL is involved in detailing currently available techniques and developing new methods for sampling, measurement and analysis. The overall program area is balanced between process stream measurement and analysis, and specialized air pollution emission measurements. Several handbooks have been completed detailing manual methods for sampling and
analyzing gaseous pollutants, reviewing instrumental methods for measuring gases, and review methods for determination of particulate mass and size. In the area of particle measurement systems, a stack sampler which increases accuracy, minimizes sampling time, and is especially applicable to gas streams with low grain loadings was commercially packaged under contract. Studies are being implemented to develop an even higher volumetric rate sampler in support of the development of very high efficiency control devices. A significant auxiliary program within the Laboratory is concerned with disseminating the large volume of information generated by its research, development and demonstration projects. For about 7 years, CSL has sponsored symposia, conferences, briefings, etc. in key areas such as flue gas desulfurization, clean fuels, particulate control, and combustion modification techniques for Sox control and for NOX control. About 25 such information exchanges have taken place and a number are planned within the near future. CSL personnel publish about 60 papers per year for presentation in
EPA sponsored and co-sponsored symposia, technical and industrial association symposia, and institutional symposia. In addition, as indicated throughout this article, CSL RD&D has led to the publication of numerous (nearly 90 in 1974) handbooks, manuals, and technical reports which are available to potential users of the technologies. A report containing titles, etc. of contract, grant, in-house (including symposia proceedings), and interagency reports covering air pollution RD&D work sponsored by CSL and other EPA organizations is prepared semi-annually and includes instructions for obtaining the documents. Additionally, CSL prepares a monthly report of abstracts representing CSL reports which have been issued but not yet included in the overall EPA report of air pollution technical publications. These documents are made available to interested parties. CSL is currently formulating a program to intensify efforts to disseminate, to industry and regulatory agencies, technical and economic information derived from its RD&D programs in order to accelerate commercial application of control technology.
Environmental Protection Agency John F. Kennedy Federal Building Room 2304 Boston, Massachusetts 02203 617 223-2226 (Maine, N.A., Vt., Mass., R.I., Conn.) Environmental Protection Agency 26 Federal Plaza New York, New York 10017 212 264-1867 (N.Y., N.J., P.R., V.I.) Environmental Protection Agency 6th & Walnut Streets Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106 215 597-9856 (Pa., W. Va., Md., Del., D.C., Va.) Environmental Protection Agency Suite 300 1421 Peachtree Street, N.E. Atlanta, Georgia 30309 404 526-3454 (N.C., S.C., Ky., Tenn., Ga., Ala., Miss., Fla.) Environmental Protection Agency 230 S. Dearborn St. Chicago, Illinois 60604 312 353-8880 (Mich., Wis., Minn., III., Ind., Ohio)
Environmental Protection Agency 1200 6th Avenue Seattle, Washington 98101 206 442-1296 (Wash., Ore., Idaho, Alaska)
For the following audio-visual material, please contact your Regional Technology Transfer Chairman. (See above) MOTION PICTURES (16mm sound) VIDEOTAPES
Carbon Adsorption. (40 min.) Upgrading Activated Sludge Treatment Plants. (40 min.)
Richardson Texas Project-Title: "Somebody around here
REQUEST FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER MATERIAL
The publications listed on this form are the only ones available through the Office of Technology Transfer.
Please send me the following publications at no charge. (Check appropriate boxes)
O Analytical Quality Control in Water and Wastewater Laboratories Monitoring Industrial Wastewater Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes
Significant potential exists for improving the performance of biological treatment
Plants were selected for study based on sequential screening and selection procedures. EPA regional offices and state regulatory agencies assisted in initial selection of plants by compiling a list of potential study sites. Plants not meeting one or more of the following general screening criteria were eliminated from the selection process:
1. The plant must incorporate some variation of suspended growth, fixed film, or aerated lagoon biological treatment.
2. The plant should not be severely hydraulically or organically overloaded, nor have obvious identifiable structural or component deficiencies.
3. The plants should range in size up to 10 mgd and all major units should be operating
4. No enforcement action should be underway or pending against the munici pality or authority involved.
A total of 287 site visits were made to collect more detailed data than the original screening information in order to select those plants at which comprehensive evaluations would be conducted. These initial site visits required one-half to one full day at each facility to evaluate such things as process flow sheets; influent and effluent wastewater characteristics; condition of equipment; and discharge permit criteria. Also, the plant superintendent and operating personnel were questioned regarding problems they saw as interfering with plant operations. |
What is considered the least reliable method to detect the presence of hazardous materials?
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