When the temperature of a gas in a metal box increased is from 27 C to 87 C the initial pressure of 2 atmosphere changes to?

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Define adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas
Demonstrate the qualitative difference between adiabatic and isothermal expansions

When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically

work is done on it and its temperature increases; in an adiabatic expansion, the gas does work and its temperature drops. Adiabatic compressions actually occur in the cylinders of a car, where the compressions of the gas-air mixture take place so quickly that there is no time for the mixture to exchange heat with its environment. Nevertheless, because work is done on the mixture during the compression, its temperature does rise significantly. In fact, the temperature increases can be so large that the mixture can explode without the addition of a spark. Such explosions, since they are not timed, make a car run poorly—it usually “knocks.” Because ignition temperature rises with the octane of gasoline, one way to overcome this problem is to use a higher-octane gasoline.

Another interesting adiabatic process is the free expansion of a gas. (Figure) shows a gas confined by a membrane to one side of a two-compartment, thermally insulated container. When the membrane is punctured, gas rushes into the empty side of the container, thereby expanding freely. Because the gas expands “against a vacuum”

, it does no work, and because the vessel is thermally insulated, the expansion is adiabatic. With

and

in the first law,

for the free expansion.

The gas in the left chamber expands freely into the right chamber when the membrane is punctured.

If the gas is ideal, the internal energy depends only on the temperature. Therefore, when an ideal gas expands freely, its temperature does not change.

A quasi-static, adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas is represented in (Figure), which shows an insulated cylinder that contains 1 mol of an ideal gas. The gas is made to expand quasi-statically by removing one grain of sand at a time from the top of the piston. When the gas expands by dV, the change in its temperature is dT. The work done by the gas in the expansion is

because the cylinder is insulated; and the change in the internal energy of the gas is, from (Figure),

Therefore, from the first law,

When sand is removed from the piston one grain at a time, the gas expands adiabatically and quasi-statically in the insulated vessel.

Also, for 1 mol of an ideal gas,

and

We now have two equations for dT. Upon equating them, we find that

Now, we divide this equation by pV and use

. We are then left with

which becomes

where we define as the ratio of the molar heat capacities:

Thus,

and

Finally, using

, we can write this in the form

This equation is the condition that must be obeyed by an ideal gas in a quasi-static adiabatic process. For example, if an ideal gas makes a quasi-static adiabatic transition from a state with pressure and volume

and

to a state with

and

then it must be true that

The adiabatic condition of (Figure) can be written in terms of other pairs of thermodynamic variables by combining it with the ideal gas law. In doing this, we find that

and

A reversible adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas is represented on the pV diagram of (Figure). The slope of the curve at any point is

Quasi-static adiabatic and isothermal expansions of an ideal gas.

The dashed curve shown on this pV diagram represents an isothermal expansion where T (and therefore pV) is constant. The slope of this curve is useful when we consider the second law of thermodynamics in the next chapter. This slope is

Because

the isothermal curve is not as steep as that for the adiabatic expansion.

Compression of an Ideal Gas in an Automobile Engine Gasoline vapor is injected into the cylinder of an automobile engine when the piston is in its expanded position. The temperature, pressure, and volume of the resulting gas-air mixture are

and

, respectively. The mixture is then compressed adiabatically to a volume of

. Note that in the actual operation of an automobile engine, the compression is not quasi-static, although we are making that assumption here. (a) What are the pressure and temperature of the mixture after the compression? (b) How much work is done by the mixture during the compression?

Strategy Because we are modeling the process as a quasi-static adiabatic compression of an ideal gas, we have

and

. The work needed can then be evaluated with

Solution

For an adiabatic compression we have

so after the compression, the pressure of the mixture is

From the ideal gas law, the temperature of the mixture after the compression is
The work done by the mixture during the compression is

With the adiabatic condition of (Figure), we may write p as
where
The work is therefore

Significance The negative sign on the work done indicates that the piston does work on the gas-air mixture. The engine would not work if the gas-air mixture did work on the piston.

Summary

A quasi-static adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas produces a steeper pV curve than that of the corresponding isotherm.
A realistic expansion can be adiabatic but rarely quasi-static.

Equation of state for a closed system
Net work for a finite change in volume
Internal energy of a system (average total energy)
Internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas
First law of thermodynamics
Molar heat capacity at constant pressure
Ratio of molar heat capacities
Condition for an ideal gas in a quasi-static adiabatic process

Is it possible for to be smaller than unity?

No, it is always greater than 1.

Would you expect to be larger for a gas or a solid? Explain.

There is no change in the internal energy of an ideal gas undergoing an isothermal process since the internal energy depends only on the temperature. Is it therefore correct to say that an isothermal process is the same as an adiabatic process for an ideal gas? Explain your answer.

An adiabatic process has a change in temperature but no heat flow. The isothermal process has no change in temperature but has heat flow.

Does a gas do any work when it expands adiabatically? If so, what is the source of the energy needed to do this work?

A monatomic ideal gas undergoes a quasi-static adiabatic expansion in which its volume is doubled. How is the pressure of the gas changed?

pressure decreased by 0.31 times the original pressure

An ideal gas has a pressure of 0.50 atm and a volume of 10 L. It is compressed adiabatically and quasi-statically until its pressure is 3.0 atm and its volume is 2.8 L. Is the gas monatomic, diatomic, or polyatomic?

Pressure and volume measurements of a dilute gas undergoing a quasi-static adiabatic expansion are shown below. Plot ln p vs. V and determine for this gas from your graph.

P (atm)	V (L)
20.0	1.0
17.0	1.1
14.0	1.3
11.0	1.5
8.0	2.0
5.0	2.6
2.0	5.2
1.0	8.4

;

An ideal monatomic gas at 300 K expands adiabatically and reversibly to twice its volume. What is its final temperature?

An ideal diatomic gas at 80 K is slowly expanded adiabatically and reversibly to twice its volume. What is its final temperature?

An ideal diatomic gas at 80 K is slowly compressed adiabatically to one-third its original volume. What is its final temperature?

Compare the charge in internal energy of an ideal gas for a quasi-static adiabatic expansion with that for a quasi-static isothermal expansion. What happens to the temperature of an ideal gas in an adiabatic expansion?

An adiabatic expansion has less work done and no heat flow, thereby a lower internal energy comparing to an isothermal expansion which has both heat flow and work done. Temperature decreases during adiabatic expansion.

The temperature of n moles of an ideal gas changes from

in a quasi-static adiabatic transition. Show that the work done by the gas is given by

A dilute gas expands quasi-statically to three times its initial volume. Is the final gas pressure greater for an isothermal or an adiabatic expansion? Does your answer depend on whether the gas is monatomic, diatomic, or polyatomic?

Isothermal has a greater final pressure and does not depend on the type of gas.

(a) An ideal gas expands adiabatically from a volume of

. If the initial pressure and temperature were

and 300 K, respectively, what are the final pressure and temperature of the gas? Use

for the gas. (b) In an isothermal process, an ideal gas expands from a volume of

. If the initial pressure and temperature were

and 300 K, respectively, what are the final pressure and temperature of the gas?

On an adiabatic process of an ideal gas pressure, volume and temperature change such that

is constant with

for monatomic gas such as helium and

for diatomic gas such as hydrogen at room temperature. Use numerical values to plot two isotherms of 1 mol of helium gas using ideal gas law and two adiabatic processes mediating between them. Use

for your plot.

Two moles of a monatomic ideal gas such as helium is compressed adiabatically and reversibly from a state (3 atm, 5 L) to a state with pressure 4 atm. (a) Find the volume and temperature of the final state. (b) Find the temperature of the initial state of the gas. (c) Find the work done by the gas in the process. (d) Find the change in internal energy of the gas in the process.

Consider the process shown below. During steps AB and BC, 3600 J and 2400 J of heat, respectively, are added to the system. (a) Find the work done in each of the processes AB, BC, AD, and DC. (b) Find the internal energy change in processes AB and BC. (c) Find the internal energy difference between states C and A. (d) Find the total heat added in the ADC process. (e) From the information given, can you find the heat added in process AD? Why or why not?

e. No, because heat was added for both parts AD and DC. There is not enough information to figure out how much is from each segment of the path.

A car tire contains

of air at a pressure of

(about 32 psi). How much more internal energy does this gas have than the same volume has at zero gauge pressure (which is equivalent to normal atmospheric pressure)?

A helium-filled toy balloon has a gauge pressure of 0.200 atm and a volume of 10.0 L. How much greater is the internal energy of the helium in the balloon than it would be at zero gauge pressure?

Steam to drive an old-fashioned steam locomotive is supplied at a constant gauge pressure of

(about 250 psi) to a piston with a 0.200-m radius. (a) By calculating

, find the work done by the steam when the piston moves 0.800 m. Note that this is the net work output, since gauge pressure is used. (b) Now find the amount of work by calculating the force exerted times the distance traveled. Is the answer the same as in part (a)?

A hand-driven tire pump has a piston with a 2.50-cm diameter and a maximum stroke of 30.0 cm. (a) How much work do you do in one stroke if the average gauge pressure is

(about 35 psi)? (b) What average force do you exert on the piston, neglecting friction and gravitational force?

Calculate the net work output of a heat engine following path ABCDA as shown below.

What is the net work output of a heat engine that follows path ABDA in the preceding problem with a straight line from B to D? Why is the work output less than for path ABCDA?

Five moles of a monatomic ideal gas in a cylinder at

is expanded isothermally from a volume of 5 L to 10 L. (a) What is the change in internal energy? (b) How much work was done on the gas in the process? (c) How much heat was transferred to the gas?

Four moles of a monatomic ideal gas in a cylinder at

is expanded at constant pressure equal to 1 atm until its volume doubles. (a) What is the change in internal energy? (b) How much work was done by the gas in the process? (c) How much heat was transferred to the gas?

a. 15,000 J; b. 10,000 J; c. 25,000 J

Helium gas is cooled from

by expanding from 40 atm to 1 atm. If there is 1.4 mol of helium, (a) What is the final volume of helium? (b) What is the change in internal energy?

In an adiabatic process, oxygen gas in a container is compressed along a path that can be described by the following pressure in atm as a function of volume V, with

. The initial and final volumes during the process were 2 L and 1.5 L, respectively. Find the amount of work done on the gas.

A cylinder containing three moles of a monatomic ideal gas is heated at a constant pressure of 2 atm. The temperature of the gas changes from 300 K to 350 K as a result of the expansion. Find work done (a) on the gas; and (b) by the gas.

A cylinder containing three moles of nitrogen gas is heated at a constant pressure of 2 atm. The temperature of the gas changes from 300 K to 350 K as a result of the expansion. Find work done (a) on the gas, and (b) by the gas by using van der Waals equation of state instead of ideal gas law.

A cylinder containing three moles of nitrogen gas is heated at a constant pressure of 2 atm. a. −1220 J; b. +1220 J

Two moles of a monatomic ideal gas such as oxygen is compressed adiabatically and reversibly from a state (3 atm, 5 L) to a state with a pressure of 4 atm. (a) Find the volume and temperature of the final state. (b) Find the temperature of the initial state. (c) Find work done by the gas in the process. (d) Find the change in internal energy in the process. Assume

and

for the diatomic ideal gas in the conditions given.

An insulated vessel contains 1.5 moles of argon at 2 atm. The gas initially occupies a volume of 5 L. As a result of the adiabatic expansion the pressure of the gas is reduced to 1 atm. (a) Find the volume and temperature of the final state. (b) Find the temperature of the gas in the initial state. (c) Find the work done by the gas in the process. (d) Find the change in the internal energy of the gas in the process.

a. 7.6 L, 61.6 K; b. 81.3 K; c.

; d. −367 J

One mole of an ideal monatomic gas occupies a volume of

at a pressure of

(a) What is the temperature of the gas? (b) The gas undergoes a quasi-static adiabatic compression until its volume is decreased to

What is the new gas temperature? (c) How much work is done on the gas during the compression? (d) What is the change in the internal energy of the gas?

One mole of an ideal gas is initially in a chamber of volume

and at a temperature of

. (a) How much heat is absorbed by the gas when it slowly expands isothermally to twice its initial volume? (b) Suppose the gas is slowly transformed to the same final state by first decreasing the pressure at constant volume and then expanding it isobarically. What is the heat transferred for this case? (c) Calculate the heat transferred when the gas is transformed quasi-statically to the same final state by expanding it isobarically, then decreasing its pressure at constant volume.

a. 1700 J; b. 1200 J; c. 2400 J

A bullet of mass 10 g is traveling horizontally at 200 m/s when it strikes and embeds in a pendulum bob of mass 2.0 kg. (a) How much mechanical energy is dissipated in the collision? (b) Assuming that

for the bob plus bullet is 3R, calculate the temperature increase of the system due to the collision. Take the molecular mass of the system to be 200 g/mol.

The insulated cylinder shown below is closed at both ends and contains an insulating piston that is free to move on frictionless bearings. The piston divides the chamber into two compartments containing gases A and B. Originally, each compartment has a volume of

and contains a monatomic ideal gas at a temperature of

and a pressure of 1.0 atm. (a) How many moles of gas are in each compartment? (b) Heat Q is slowly added to A so that it expands and B is compressed until the pressure of both gases is 3.0 atm. Use the fact that the compression of B is adiabatic to determine the final volume of both gases. (c) What are their final temperatures? (d) What is the value of Q?

a. 2.2 mol; b.

; c.

; d. 30,500 J

In a diesel engine, the fuel is ignited without a spark plug. Instead, air in a cylinder is compressed adiabatically to a temperature above the ignition temperature of the fuel; at the point of maximum compression, the fuel is injected into the cylinder. Suppose that air at

is taken into the cylinder at a volume

and then compressed adiabatically and quasi-statically to a temperature of

and a volume

what is the ratio

(Note: In an operating diesel engine, the compression is not quasi-static.)