Which of the following is not a factor that affects the level of ethical behavior in an organization

  • Abid, G., and A. Ahmed. 2014. Failing in corporate governance and warning signs of a corporate collapse. Pakistan Journal of Commerce & Social Sciences 8 (3): 846–866.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albrecht, W.S. 2014. Iconic fraud triangle endures. Metaphor diagram helps everybody understand fraud. Fraud Magazine July/Augus: 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albrecht, W.S., M.B. Romney, D.J. Cherrington, I.R. Payne, and A.J. Roe. 1982. How to detect and prevent business fraud. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albrecht, C., D. Holland, R. Malagueño, S. Dolan, and S. Tzafrir. 2015. The role of power in financial statement fraud schemes. Journal of Business Ethics 131 (4): 803–813.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, R.N., and V. Govindarajan. 2003. Management control systems. 11th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aristotle. 1998. The Nicomachean ethics. Translated with an introduction of David Ross. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashman, I., and D. Winstanley. 2007. For or against corporate identity? Personification and the problem of moral agency. Journal of Business Ethics 76 (1): 83–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. 1977. Social learning theory. Group & organization studies. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bass, B.M. 1985. Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazerman, M.H., and F. Gino. 2012. Behavioral ethics: Toward a deeper understanding of moral judgment and dishonesty. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 8 (1): 85–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behind the Libor Scandal. 2012. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/07/10/business/dealbook/behind-the-liborscandal.html. Accessed 14 Oct 2018.

  • Boatright, J.R. 2004. Individual responsibility in the American corporate system: Does Sarbanes-Oxley strike the right balance? Business & Professional Ethics Journal 23 (1/2): 9–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bormann, K.C. 2017. Linking daily ethical leadership to followers’ daily behaviour: The roles of daily work engagement and previous abusive supervision. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 26 (4): 590–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calhoon, R.P. 1969. Niccolo Machiavelli and the twentieth century administrator. The Academy of Management Journal 12 (2): 205–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, A.Y.S., R.B. Sawyers, and P.F. Williams. 1997. Reinforcing ethical decision making through corporate culture. Journal of Business Ethics 16 (8): 855–865.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coffee, J.C., Jr. 2002. Understanding Enron: “It’s about the gatekeepers, stupid”. Business Lawyer 57 (4): 1403–1420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craft, J.L. 2013. A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 2004–2011. Journal of Business Ethics 117 (2): 221–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, D., and M. Esterl. 2006. Suspect in Siemens case claims executives had a role in bribes. Wall Street Journal. http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116536723538041789. Accessed 14 Sept 2018.

  • Cressey, D.R. 1953. Other people’s money: Study in the social psychology of embezzlement. Glencoe: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darley, J.M., and B. Latane. 1968. Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 8 (4, Pt.1): 377–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deal, T., and A. Kennedy. 1982. Corporate cultures: The rites and rituals of corporate life. New York: Perseus Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dierksmeier, C. 2016. Reframing economic ethics: The philosophical foundations of humanistic management. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, G., and N. Gillespie. 2012. Rebuilding trust: How Siemens atoned for its sins. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sustainablebusiness/recovering-business-trust-siemens. Accessed 14 Sept 2018.

  • Dougherty, C. 2007. Siemens revokes appointment after reviewing files in bribery case. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/14/business/worldbusiness/14iht-siemens.4.8752330.html. Accessed 14 Sept 2018.

  • Ekici, A., and S. Onsel. 2013. How ethical behavior of firms is influenced by the legal and political environments: A Bayesian causal map analysis based on stages of development. Journal of Business Ethics 115 (2): 271–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission. 2010. The financial crisis inquiry report: Final report of the National Commission on the causes of the financial and economic crisis in the United States. Washington, DC.

  • Finkelstein, S., and D.C. Hambrick. 1990. Top-management-team tenure and organizational outcomes: The moderating role of managerial discretion. Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (3): 484–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, R.C., and W.D. Richardson. 1994. Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Business Ethics 13 (3): 205–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • French, P.A. 1984. Collective and corporate responsibility. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ganuza, J.J., and F. Gomez. 2007. Should we trust the gatekeepers?: Auditors’ and lawyers’ liability for clients’ misconduct. International Review of Law & Economics 27 (1): 96–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, K. 2011. Toward an intermediate position on corporate moral personhood. Journal of Business Ethics 101: 71–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gino, F., J. Gu, and C.-B. Zhong. 2009. Contagion or restitution? When bad apples can motivate ethical behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45 (6): 1299–1302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodpaster, K.E. 2007. Teleopathy. In Encyclopedia of business ethics and society, 2067. New York: SAGE Publications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodstein, J.D. 2000. Moral compromise and personal integrity: Exploring the ethical issues of deciding together in organizations. Business Ethics Quarterly 10 (4): 805–819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, G.G., and N. DiTomaso. 1992. Predicting corporate performance from organizational culture. Journal of Management Studies 29 (6): 783–798.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grojean, M.W., C.J. Resick, M.W. Dickson, and D.B. Smith. 2004. Leaders, values, and organizational climate: Examining leadership strategies for establishing an organizational climate regarding ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 55 (3): 223–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hambrick, D.C., and P.A. Mason. 1984. Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. The Academy of Management Review 9 (2): 193–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hannah, S.T., J.M. Schaubroeck, A.C. Peng, R.G. Lord, L.K. Trevino, S.W.J. Kozlowski, B.J. Avolio, N. Dimotakis, and J. Doty. 2013. Joint influences of individual and work unit abusive supervision on ethical intentions and behaviors: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Applied Psychology 98 (4): 579–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Healy, P.M., and K.G. Palepu. 2003. The fall of Enron. Journal of Economic Perspectives 17 (2): 3–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, W.H., and H.P. Sims. 1978. Some determinants of unethical decision behavior: An experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology 63 (4): 451–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegarty, W.H., and H.P. Sims. 1979. Organizational philosophy, policies, and objectives related to unethical decision behavior: A laboratory experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology 64 (3): 331–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, G., F.D. Belschak, and D.N. Den Hartog. 2014. (un)ethical behavior and performance appraisal: The role of affect, support, and organizational justice. Journal of Business Ethics 121 (1): 63–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • John Paul II (Pope). 1984. Apost. Exhort. “Reconciliatio et Paenitentia.”

  • John Paul II (Pope). 1987. Encyclical Letter “Sollicitudo Rei Socialis.”

  • Kemper, T.D. 1966. Representative roles and the legitimation of deviance. Social Problems 13 (3): 288–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kouzes, J.M., and B.Z. Posner. 1987. The leadership challenge : How to get extraordinary things done in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, J. 1984. Corporate mythology and individual responsibility. International Journal of Applied Philosophy 2 (1): 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lau, C.M., and A.V. Martin-Sardesai. 2012. The role of organisational concern for workplace fairness in the choice of a performance measurement system. British Accounting Review 44 (3): 157–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M.R., and D.R. Forsyth. 1987. Attributions of responsibility for collective endeavors. In Review of personality and social psychology, Vol. 8. Group processes, ed. C. Hendrick, 167–188. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loe, T.W., L. Ferrell, and P. Mansfield. 2000. A review of empirical studies assessing ethical decision making in business. Journal of Business Ethics 25 (3): 185–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lokanan, M.E. 2015. Challenges to the fraud triangle: Questions on its usefulness. Accounting Forum 39 (3): 201–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maxey, D., J. L. Pessin, and I. Salisbury. 2008. Wall street employee owners shudder as bear Stearns implodes. Dow Jones Newswires. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/wall-street-employee-owners-shudder-as-bear-stearns-implodes. Accessed 14 Oct 2018.

  • McLean, B., and J. Nocera. 2010. All the devils are Here: The hidden history of the financial crisis. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melé, D. 2003. The challenge of humanistic management. Journal of Business Ethics 44 (1): 77–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melé, D. 2012. The firm as a “Community of Persons”: A pillar of humanistic business ethos. Journal of Business Ethics 106 (1): 89–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melé, D. 2013. Antecedents and current situation of humanistic management. African Journal of Business Ethics 7 (2): 52–61.

  • Melé, D. 2016. Understanding humanistic management. Humanistic Management Journal 1 (1): 33–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melé, D. 2019. Business ethics in action: Seeking human excellence in organizations. 2nd ed. London: Red Globe Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melé, D., J.M. Rosanas, and J. Fontrodona. 2017. Ethics in finance and accounting: Editorial introduction. Journal of Business Ethics 140 (4): 609–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miao, Q., A. Newman, J. Yu, and L. Xu. 2013. The relationship between ethical leadership and unethical pro-organizational behavior: Linear or curvilinear effects? Journal of Business Ethics 116 (3): 641–653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milgram, S. 1974. Obedience to authority: An experimental view. London: Tavistock Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mollenkamp, C., and M. Whitehouse. 2008. Study casts doubt on key rate. Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121200703762027135.html. Accessed 14 Oct 2018.

  • Moore, C., and F. Gino. 2013. Ethically adrift: How others pull our moral compass from true north, and how we can fix it. Research in Organizational Behavior 33: 53–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, C., and F. Gino. 2015. Approach, ability, aftermath: A psychological process framework of unethical behavior at work. The Academy of Management Annals 9 (1): 235–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mostovicz, E.I., A. Kakabadse, and N.K. Kakabadse. 2011. The four pillars of corporate responsibility: Ethics, leadership, personal responsibility and trust. Corporate Governance 11 (4): 489–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulki, J.P., J.F. Jaramillo, and W.B. Locander. 2009. Critical role of leadership on ethical climate and salesperson behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics 86 (2): 125–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myners, P. 2012. Barclays’ corporate culture showed complete disregard for honesty. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jun/30/barclays-corporate-culture-disregard-honesty. Accessed 14 Oct 2018.

  • O’Fallon, M.J., and K.D. Butterfield. 2005. A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 1996-2003. Journal of Business Ethics 59 (4): 375–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Painter-Morland, M. 2007. Defining accountability in a network society. Business Ethics Quarterly 17 (3): 515–534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, L., and J. Snyder. 2008. Ethical spillovers in firms: Evidence from vehicle emissions testing. Management Science 54 (11): 1891–1903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pirson, M. 2017. Humanistic management: Protecting dignity and promoting well-being. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pirson, M., U. Steinvorth, C. Largacha-Martinez, and C. Dierksmeier (Eds.). 2014. From capitalistic to humanistic business. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Pitesa, M., and S. Thau. 2013. Compliant sinners, obstinate saints: How power and self-focus determine the effectiveness of social influences in ethical decision making. Academy of Management Journal 56 (3): 635–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Premeaux, S. 2009. The link between management behavior and ethical philosophy in the wake of the Enron convictions. Journal of Business Ethics 85 (1): 13–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosanas, J.M., and M. Velilla. 2005. The ethics of management control systems: Developing technical and moral values. Journal of Business Ethics 57 (1): 83–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schein, E.H. 2010. Organizational culture and leadership. 4th ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selvaraj, P., S.K. Ghosh, and S. Jagannathan. 2016. Downside of performance appraisals & the potential for deviant behaviors: Start your search! Indian Journal of Industrial Relations 52 (1): 117–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sezer, O., F. Gino, and M.H. Bazerman. 2015. Ethical blind spots: Explaining unintentional unethical behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology 6: 77–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sims, R.R., and J. Brinkman. 2002. Leaders as moral role models: The case of John Gutfreund at Salomon Brothers. Journal of Business Ethics 35 (4): 327–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sims, R.R., and J. Brinkmann. 2003. Enron ethics (or: Culture matters more than codes). Journal of Business Ethics 45 (3): 243–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soble, J. 2015a. Toshiba inflated earnings by $1.2 billion, a panel of experts says. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/21/business/international/internal-panel-says-toshiba-inflated-earnings-by-1-2-billion.html. Accessed 18 Oct 2018.

  • Soble, J. 2015b 21. Scandal Upends Toshiba’s lauded reputation. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/22/business/international/toshiba-chief-and-7-others-resign-in-accounting-scandal.html. Accessed 18 Oct 2018.

  • Soltani, B. 2014. The anatomy of corporate fraud: A comparative analysis of high profile American and European corporate scandals. Journal of Business Ethics 120 (2): 251–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzeck, H., M. Pirson, W. Amann, S. Khan, and E. von Kimakowitz, eds. 2009. Humanism in business. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephen, C.B., W.G. David, D.D. Harold, M. Frank, and B. Fannie. 2010. Delegation, authority and responsibility: A reconfiguration of an old paradigm. Advances in Management 3 (9): 9–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, A., G. Finch, and L. Vaughan. 2012. RBS instant messages show Libor rates skewed for traders. Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-09-25/rbs-instant-messages-show-libor-rates-skewed-for-traders.html. Accessed 14 Oct 2018.

  • Tepper, B.J. 2000. Consequence of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal 43 (2): 178–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevino, L.K. 1986. Ethical decision making in organizations: A person-situation Interactionist model. The Academy of Management Review 11 (3): 601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treviño, L.K., and M.E. Brown. 2005. The role of leaders in influencing unethical behavior in the workplace. In Managing organizational deviance, ed. R.E.J. Kidwel and C.L. Martin, 69–96. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Inc.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Treviño, L.K., and K.A. Nelson. 2017. Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. Hoboken: Wiley.

  • Treviño, L.K., and S.A. Youngblood. 1990. Bad apples in bad barrels: A causal analysis of ethical decision-making behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology 75 (4): 378–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treviño, L.K., L.P. Hartman, and M. Brown. 2000. Moral person and moral manager: How executives develop a reputation for ethical leadership. California Management Review 42 (4): 128–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treviño, L.K., N.A. den Nieuwenboer, and J.J. Kish-Gephart. 2014. (Un)ethical behavior in organizations. Annual Review of Psychology 65 (1): 635–660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van de Ven, A.H. 2001. Medtronic’s Chairman William George on how mission-driven companies create ...: Business Source. Academy of Management Executive 15 (4): 39–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Kimakowitz, E., M. Pirson, H. Spitzeck, C. Dierksmeier, and W. Amann, eds. 2011. Humanistic management in practice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, G.R., L.K. Treviño, and P.L. Cochran. 1999. Corporate ethics programs as control systems: Influences of executive commitment and environmental factors. The Academy of Management Journal 42 (1): 41–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, J.W. 2014. Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, T. 2012. Human resource Management in a Compartmentalized World: Whither moral agency? Journal of Business Ethics 111 (1): 85–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Windsor, D. 2018. Enron Corporation. In Encyclopedia of business ethics and society, ed. R.W. Kolb, 1138–1142. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worrell, D.L., W.E. Stead, J.G. Stead, and J.B. Spalding. 1985. Unethical decisions: The impact of reinforcement contingencies and managerial philosophies. Psychological Reports 57 (2): 355–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, J. 1997. Using Giddens’ structuration theory to inform business history. Business & Economic History 26 (1): 159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwetsloot, G., and S. Leka. 2010. Corporate culture, health, and well-being. In Occupational health psychology, ed. S. Leka and J. Houdmont, 250–268. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 


Page 2

From: Organizational Factors in the Individual Ethical Behaviour. The Notion of the “Organizational Moral Structure”

The OMS constituent The OMS constituent’s description
Leader’s values and character Leaders act as role models: their values and character foster behaviour of people within the organization.
Vision and exercise of power Actions of individual employees in an organizational context are conditioned by how top executives understand and use their power.
Corporate control systems Corporate control system pressures moral behaviour of people within the organization.
Internal network of influences The network of influences within the organization, which takes place through links, interdependences and interactions among individuals and groups, affects individual moral behaviour.
Organizational culture The organizational culture, which includes shared beliefs, values, and common practices, influences individual behaviour.
Internal and competitive pressures Internal pressures – especially those coming from the top – along with competitive pressures, can have an influence in misbehaviours.
External influences External elements of corporate environment influence managers’ behaviour, and indirectly—all people within the organization.