Why is it important to consult with parents in relation to their childs diet?

1. Home
2. healthy eating
3. tips ideas

Share this pagePrint/Download

Sharing and communicating between families and early years providers is an important aspect of supporting healthy eating.  Here are a few ideas:

• Use bulletin board and/or email to post:
  • Healthy eating policy
  • Weekly menus on bulletin board 
  • Sample list of healthy snacks
  • Recipe of the week
  • Pictures of food related activities their children are doing
• Regular healthy eating insert in newsletter
• Share family recipes and make a cook book
• Share family traditions around food
• Ask families to share culturally relevant snacks
• Involve families in menu planning, field trip ideas etc
• Invite families to join in food related activities and eating times
• Invite guest speakers to parent information nights
• Refer families to practical sources of information

1. U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns for the United States. 2003 [Google Scholar]

2. Food Marketing Institute Supermarket Facts. 2004. available at < http://www.fmi.org/facts_figs/superfact.htm> (last visited November 29, 2006)

3. Young LR, Nestle M. Expanding Portion Sizes in the U.S. Marketplace: Implications for Nutrition Counseling. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003;103(2):231–234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Agricultural Research Service Community Nutrition Research Group . Results from USDA's 1994-96 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey: Table Set 19. U.S. Department of Agriculture; 2000. [Google Scholar]

5. Bureau of Labor Statistics . Women in the Labor Force: A Databook. U.S. Department of Labor; 2004. [Google Scholar]

6. Bureau of Labor Statistics . Employment Characteristics of Families. U.S. Department of Labor; 2005. [Google Scholar]

7. U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Survey Reports, America's Families and Living Arrangements. 2004 [Google Scholar]

8. U.S. Census Bureau Survey of Income and Program Participation, Who's Minding the Kids? Child Care Arrangements. 1999 Spring; [Google Scholar]

9. Lugaila T. Current Population Reports: U.S. Census Bureau. Washington, D.C.: 2003. A Child's Day: 2000 (Selected Indicators of Child Well-Being) pp. 70–89. [Google Scholar]

10. Nielsen SJ, Siega-Riz AM, Popkin BM. Trends in Energy Intake in U.S. between 1977 and 1996: Similar Shifts Seen across Age Groups. Obesity Research. 2002;5:370–378. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . Consumer Expenditures in 2003. U.S. Department of Labor; 2003. at Table 6: Composition of Consumer Unit: Average Annual Expenditures and Characteristics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2003. [Google Scholar]

12. Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Patterns and Trends in Food Portion Sizes, 1977-1998. JAMA. 2003;289(4):450–453. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Bowman SA, Gortmaker SL, Ebbeling CB, Pereira MA, Ludwig DS. Effects of Fast-Food Consumption on Energy Intake and Diet Quality among Children in a National Household Survey. Pediatrics. 2004;113:112–118. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. Mennella JA, Johnson A, Beauchamp GK. Garlic Ingestion by Pregnant Women Alters the Odor of Amniotic Fluid. Chemical Senses. 1995;20(2):207–209. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Hauser GJ, Chitayat D, Berns L, Braver D, Muhlbauer B. Peculiar Odours in Newborns and Maternal Pernatal Ingestion of Spicy Foods. European Journal of Pediatrics. 1985;144(4):403. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Schaal B, Marlier L, Soussignan R. Human Foetuses Learn Odours from their Pregnant Mother's Diet. Chemical Senses. 2000;25:729–737. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Mennella JA, Coren P, Jagnow MS, Beauchamp GK. Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning by Human Infants. Pediatrics. 2001;107(6):88–94. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Gartner LM, Morton J, Lawrence RA, Naylor AJ, O'Hare D, Schanler RJ, Eidelman AI. Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics. 2005;115(2):496–506. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]American Academy of Pediatrics Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. American Academy of Pediatrics. Work Group on Breast-feeding. Pediatrics. 1997;100(6):1035–1039. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Kramer MS, Kakuma R. The Optimal Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2004;554:63–77. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. Dewey KG. Is Breastfeeding Protective against Child Obesity? Journal of Human Lactation. 2003;19(1):9–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Owen C, Martin R, Whincup P, Smith GD, Cook DG. Effect of Infant Feeding on the Risk of Obesity across the Life Course: A Quantitative Review of Published Evidence. Pediatrics. 2005;115(5):1367–1377. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Arenz S, Ruckerl R, Koletzko B, von Kries R. Breast-Feeding and Childhood Obesity-A Systematic Review. International Journal Obesity Related Metabolic Disorders. 2004;28(10):1247–1256. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. See Arenz, supra note 20.

22. See Dewey, supra note 20.

23. Riordan J, Countryman BA. Basics of Breastfeeding. Part I: Infant Feeding Patterns Past and Present. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecological & Neonatal Nursing. 1980;9(4):207–210. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] see Dewey, supra note 20.

24. Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. Maternal Diet Alters the Sensory Qualities of Human Milk and Nursling's Behavior. Pediatrics. 1991;88:737–744. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

25. Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. The Transfer of Alcohol to Human Milk: Effects on Flavor and the Infant's Behavior. New England Journal of Medicine. 1991;325:981–985. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. The Infant's Response to Vanilla Flavors in Mother's Milk and Formula. Infant Behavior and Development. 1996:13–19. [Google Scholar]

27. Mennella JA, Beauchamp GK. The Effects of Repeated Exposure to Garlic-flavored Milk on the Nursling's Behavior. Pediatric Research. 1993;34:805–808. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Mennella JA, Jagnow CP, Beauchamp GK. Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning by Human Infants. Pediatrics. 2001;107(6):E88. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. See Mannella, supra note 17.

30. See Menella, supra note 28.

31. Sullivan SA, Birch LL. Pediatrics. 2. Vol. 93. Infant Dietary Experience and Acceptance of Solid Foods; 1994. pp. 271–277. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Adair LS. The Infant's Ability to Self-Regulate Caloric Intake: A Case Study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1984;84(5):543–546. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Fomon SJ, Filer LJ, Thomas LN, Anderson TA, Nelson SE. Influence of Formula Concentration on Caloric Intake and Growth of Normal Infants. Acta Pediatrica Scandinavica. 1975;64:172–181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Fox MK, Devaney B, Reidy K, Razafindrakoto C, Ziegler P. Relationship between Portion Size and Energy Intake among Infants and Toddlers: Evidence of Self Regulation. American Journal of the Dietetics Association. 2006;106:S77–S83. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

33. Fisher JO, Birch LL, Smiciklas-Wright H, Picciano MF. American Journal of the Dietetics Association. 6. Vol. 100. 2000. Breast-Feeding through the First Year Predicts Maternal Control in Feeding and Subsequent Toddler Energy Intakes; pp. 641–646. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

34. Dewey KG. Growth Characteristics of Breast-fed Compared to Formula-fed Infants. Biology of the Neonate. 1998;74(2):94–105. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Dewey KG, Nommsen-Rivers L, Lonnerdal B. Plasma Insulin and Insulin-releasing Amino Acids (IRAA) Concentrations are Higher in Formula-fed than in Breastfed Infants at 5 Months of Age. Experimental Biology. 2004 abstract #1124. [Google Scholar]

36. Davis CM. Results of the Self-Selection of Diets by Young Children. The Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1939;41:257–261. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Davis CM. Self-Selection of Diet by Newly Weaned Infants. American Journal of Diseases of Children. 1928;36:651–679. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Fomon SJ, Filer LJ, Thomas LN, Rogers RR, Proksch AM. Relationship between Formula Concentration and Rate of Growth of Normal Infants. Journal of Nutrition. 1969;98(2):241–254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Fomon SJ, Filmer LJ, Thomas LN, Anderson TA, Nelson SE. Influence of Formula Concentration on Caloric Intake and Growth of Normal Infants. Acta Paediatric Scandinavia. 1975;64(2):172–181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

38. Pearcey SM, De Castro JM. Food Intake and Meal Patterns of One Year Old Infants. Appetite. 1997;29(2):201–212. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Cohen RJ, Brown KH, Canahuati J, Rivera LL, Dewey KG. Effects of Age of Introduction of Complementary Foods on Infant Breast Milk Intake, Total Energy Intake, and Growth: A Randomised Intervention Study in Honduras. Lancet. 1994;344:288–293. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Birch L, Deysher M. Conditioned and Unconditioned Caloric Compensation: Evidence for Self-Regulation of Food Intake by Young Children. Learning and Motivation. 1985;16:341–355. [Google Scholar]Birch LL, Deysher M. Caloric Compensation and Sensory Specific Satiety: Evidence for Self Regulation of Food Intake by Young Children. Appetite. 1986;7:323–331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Birch LL, Johnson SL, Jones MB, Peters JC. Effects of a Nonenergy Fat Substitute on Children's Energy and Macronutrient Intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993;58:326–333. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Johnson SL, Birch LL. Parents' and Children's Adiposity and Eating Style. Pediatrics. 1994;94(5):653–661. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Birch LL, Fisher JO. Mothers' Child-feeding Practices Influence Daughters' Eating and Weight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000;71:1054–1061. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Wright P. Learning Experiences in Feeding Behaviour during Infancy. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1988;32(6):613–619. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Birch LL. Preschool Children's Preferences and Consumption Patterns. Journal of Nutrition Education. 1979;11:189–192. [Google Scholar]Bartoshuk LK, Beauchamp GK. Chemical Senses. Annual Review of Psychology. 1994;45:414–449. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Birch LL. Children's Preference for High-fat Foods. Nutrition Reviews. 1992;50:259–255. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Birch LL. Development of Food Preferences. Annual Review of Nutrition. 1999;19:41–62. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Beauchamp GK, Cowart BJ, Mennella JA, Marsh RR. Infant Salt Taste: Developmental, Methodological, and Contextual Factors. Developmental Psychobiology. 1994;27(6):353–365. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Cowart BJ. Development of Taste Perception in Humans: Sensitivity and Preference throughout the Life Span. Psychological Bulletin. 1981;90(1):43–73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Birch LL, McPhee L, Shoba BC, Pirok E, Steinberg L. What Kind of Exposure Reduces Children's Food Neophobia? Appetite. 1987;9:171–178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] see Sullivan, supra note 31.

47. Kern DL, McPhee L, Fisher J, Johnson S, Birch LL. The Post-ingestive Consequences of Fat Condition Preferences for Flavors Associated with High Dietary Fat. Physiology and Behavior. 1993;54(1):71–76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Gibson EL, Wardle J. Energy Density Predicts Preferences for Fruit and Vegetables in 4-Year-Old Children. Appetite. 2003;41:97–98. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Sullivan SA, Birch LL. Pass the Sugar, Pass the Salt: Experience Dictates Preference. Developmental Psychology. 1990;26:546–551. [Google Scholar]Birch LL, Marlin DW. I Don't Like It; I Never Tired It: Effects of Exposure on Two-Year-Old Children's Food Preferences. Appetite. 1982;3:353–360. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] See Birch, supra note 46.

50. Carruth BR, Ziegler P, Gordon A, Barr SI. Prevalence of Picky Eaters among Infants and Toddlers and their Caregiver's Decisions about Offering a Food. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2004;104:S57–S64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. See Gartner, supra note 18.

52. Kramer M, Barr R, Leduc D, Boisjoly C, McVey-White L, Pless I. Determinants of Weight and Adiposity in the First Year of Life. Journal of Pediatrics. 1985;106:10–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Baker JL, Michaelsen KF, Rasmussen KM, Sorensen TI. Maternal Prepregnant Body Mass Index, Duration of Breastfeeding, and Timing of Complementary Food Introduction are Associated with Infant Weight Gain. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;80(6):1579–1588. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Carruth B, Skinner J, Houck K, Moran J. Addition of Supplementary Foods and Infant Growth (2 to 24 Months) Journal of the American College Nutrition. 2000;19:405–412. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, Emmett PM, Ness A, Rogers I, Steer C, Sherriff A. Early Life Risk Factors for Obesity in Childhood: Cohort Study. British Medical Journal. 2005;330(7504):1357. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Fox MK, Pac S, Devaney B, Jankowski L. Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: What Foods are Infants and Toddlers Eating? Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2004;104(Supplement 1):S22–S30. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

57. Devaney B, Ziegler P, Pac S, Karwe V, Barr SI. Nutrient Intakes of Infants and Toddlers. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2004;104(1 Supplement 1):S14–21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. See Fox, supra note 32.

59. See Fox, supra note 56.

60. Skinner JD, Ziegler P, Ponza M. Transitions in Infants' and Toddlers' Beverage Patterns. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2004;104(1):s45–50. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

61. Dennison BA, Rockwell HL, Baker SL. Excess Fruit Juice Consumption by Preschool-aged Children is Associated with Short Stature and Obesity. Pediatrics. 1997;99:15–22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Skinner JD, Carruth BR. A Longitudinal Study of Children's Juice Intake and Growth: The Juice Controversy Revisited. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001;101:432–437. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Alexy U, Sichert-Hellert W, Kersting M, Manz F, Schoch G. Fruit Juice Consumption and Prevalence of Obesity and Short Stature in German Preschool Children: Results of the DONALD Study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterol Nutrition. 1999;29:343–349. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Forshee RA, Storey ML. Total Beverage Consumption and Beverage Choices among Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition. 2003;54(4):297–307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Smith MM, Lifshitz F. Excess Fruit Juice Consumption as a Contributing Factor in Nonorganic Failure to Thrive. Pediatrics. 1194;93(3):438–443. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Welsh JA, Cogswell ME, Rogers S, Rockett H, Mei Z, Grummer-Strawn LM. Overweight among Low-income Pre-school Children Associated with the Consumption of Sweet Drinks: Missouri, 1999-2002. Pediatrics. 2005;115(2):e223–229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

65. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. Relation between Consumption of Sugar-sweetened Drinks and Childhood Obesity: A Prospective, Observational Analysis. Lancet. 2001;357(9255):505–508. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Berkey CS, Rockett HR, Field AE, Gillman MW, Colditz GA. Sugar-Added Beverages and Adolescent Weight Change. Obesity Research. 2004;12(5):778–788. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Hardy R, Wadsworth M, Kuh D. The Influence of Childhood Weight and Socioeconomic Status on Change in Adult Body Mass Index in a British National Birth Cohort. International Journal of Obesity. 2000;24:725–734. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]M. Hendy H. Effectiveness of Trained Peer Models to Encourage Food Acceptance in Preschool Children. Appetite. 2002;39(3):217–225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Lee S, Reicks M. Environmental and Behavioral Factors are Associated with the Calcium Intake of Low-income Adolescent Girls. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003;103(11):1526–1529. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Young EM, Fors SW, Hayes DM. Associations between Perceived Parent Behaviors and Middle School Student Fruit and Vegetable Consumption. Journal of Nutrition Education Behavior. 2004;36(1):2–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Cullen KW, Baranowski T, Rittenberry L, Cosart C, Hebert D, de Moor C. Child-reported Family and Peer Influences on Fruit, Juice and Vegetable Consumption: Reliability and Validity of Measures. Health Education Research. 2001;16(2):187–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Hearn M, Baranowski T, Baranowski J, Doyle C, Smith M, Lin LS, Resnicow K. Environmental Influences on Dietary Behavior among Children: Availability and Accessibility of Fruits and Vegetables Enable Consumption. Journal of Health Education. 1998;29(1):26–32. [Google Scholar]Cullen KW, Baranowski T, Owens E, Marsh T, Rittenberry L, de Moor C. Availability, Accessibility, and Preferences for Fruit, 100% Fruit Juice, and Vegetables Influence Children's Dietary Behavior. Health Education and Behavior. 2003;30(5):615–626. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Kratt P, Reynolds K, Shewchuk R. The Role of Availability as a Moderator of Family Fruit and Vegetable Consumption. Health Education and Behavior. 2000;27(4):471–482. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. See Cullen, supra note 67.

69. See Kratt, supra note 67.

70. Fisher JO, Mitchell DC, Smiciklas-Wright H, Mannino ML, Birch LL. Meeting Calcium Recommendations during Middle Childhood Reflects Mother-Daughter Beverage Choices and Predicts Bone Mineral Status. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;79(4):698–706. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Rolls RJ, Engell D, Birch LL. Serving Portion Size Influences 5-Year-Old but Not 3-Year-Old Children's Food Intakes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2000;100(2):232–234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Fisher JO, Rolls RJ, Birch LL. Children's Bite Size and Intake of an Entree are Greater with Large Portions than with Age-appropriate or Self-Selected Portions. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003;77(5):1164–1170. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Nisbett RE. Determinants of Food Intake in Human Obesity. Science. 1968;159:1254–1255. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Shaw J. The Influence of Type of Food and Method of Presentation on Human Eating Behavior. University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia: 1973. [Google Scholar]Edelman B, Engell D, Bronstein P, Hirsch E. Environmental Effects on the Intake of Overweight and Normal-weight Men. Appetite. 1986;7:71–83. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Engell D, Kramer M, Zaring D, Birch LL, Rolls B. Effects of Serving Size on Food Intake in Children and Adults. Obesity Research. 1995;3(Supplement 3):381S. [Google Scholar]Diliberti N, Bordi PL, Conklin MT, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Increased Portion Size Leads to Increased Energy Intake in a Restaurant Meal. Obesity Research. 2004;12:562–568. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Rolls BJ, Roe LS, Kral TV, Meengs JS, Wall DE. Increasing the Portion Size of a Packaged Snack Increases Energy Intake in Men and Women. Appetite. 2004;42:63–69. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. See Nielsen, supra note 12.

74. Huang TT-K, Howarth NC, Lin B-H, Roberts SB, McCrory MA. Energy Intake and Meal Portions: Associations with BMI Percentiles in U.S. Children. Obesity Research. 2004;12(11):1875–1885. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Smicikclas-Wright H, Mitchell DC, Mickle SJ, Goldman JD, Cook A. Foods Commonly Eaten in the United States, 1989-1991 and 1994-1996: Are Portion Sizes Changing? Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003;103:41–47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Birch LL. Effects of Peer Models' Food Choices and Eating Behaviors on Preschoolers' Food Preference. Child Development. 1980;51:489–496. [Google Scholar]

76. See Hendy, supra note 66.

77. See Lee and Reicks, supra note 66.

78. See Young, supra note 66. Cullen, supra note 66.

79. LeVine RA. Human Parental Care: Universal Goals, Cultural Strategies, Individual Behavior. In: Miller PM, editor. Parental Behavior in Diverse Societies. New Directions for Child Development, No. 40: The Jossey-Bass Social and Behavioral Sciences Series. Jossey-Bass; San Francisco, CA: 1998. pp. 3–12. [Google Scholar]

80. Birch LL, Fisher JO. Development of Eating Behaviors among Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 1998;101(3 part 2):539–549. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Id.

82. Faith MS, Scanlon KS, Birch LL, Francis LA, Sherry B. Parent-Child Feeding Strategies and their Relationships to Child Eating and Weight Status. Obesity Research. 2004;12(11):1711–1722. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] see Johnson, supra note 41.

83. Birch LL, Zimmerman SI, Hind H. The Influence of Social-affective Context on Preschool Children's Food Preferences. Child Development. 1980;51:856–861. [Google Scholar]

84. Birch LL, Birch D, Marlin DW, Kramer L. Effects of Instrumental Consumption on Children's Food Preference. Appetite. 1982;3(2):125–134. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Birch L, Marlin D, Rotter J. Eating as the Means Activity in a Contingency: Effects on Young Children's Food Preference. Child Development. 1984;55:432–439. [Google Scholar]

85. Mischel W, Shoda Y, Rodriguez MI. Delay of Gratification in Children. Science. 1989;244(4907):933–938. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. Fisher JO, Birch LL. Restricting Access to a Palatable Food Affects Children's Behavioral Response, Food Selection and Intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999;69:1264–1272. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Corwin RL, Wojnicki FH, Fisher JO, Dimitriou SG, Rice HB, Young MA. Limited Access to a Dietary Fat Option Affects Ingestive Behavior but Not Body Composition in Male Rats. Physiology and Behavior. 1998;65(3):545–553. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88. Birch LL, Fisher JO, Davison KK. Learning to Overeat: Maternal Use of Restrictive Feeding Practices Promotes Girls' Eating in the Absence of Hunger. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003;78(2):215–220. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] See Fisher, supra note 86.

89. Fisher JO, Mitchell DC, Smiciklas-Wright H, Birch LL. Parental Influences on Young Girls' Fruit and Vegetable, Micronutrient, and Fat Intakes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002;102(1):58–64. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Galloway AT, Fiorito L, Lee Y, Birch LL. Parental Pressure, Dietary Patterns, and Weight Status among Girls Who are ‘Picky Eaters,’ Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2005;105(4):541–548. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Lee Y, Birch LL. Diet Quality, Nutrient Intake, Weight Status, and Feeding Environments of Girls Meeting or Exceeding the American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendations for Total Dietary Fat. Pediatrics. 2002;54(3):179–186. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Birch L, McPhee L, Shoba BC, Steinberg L, Krehbiel R. ‘Clean up Your Plate’: Effects of Child Feeding Practices on the Conditioning of Meal Size. Learning and Motivation. 1987;18:301–317. [Google Scholar]

92. Birch LL, Fisher JO, Castro CN, Grimm-Thomas K, Sawyer R, Johnson SL. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Child Feeding Questionnaire: A Measure of Parental Attitudes, Beliefs and Practices about Child Feeding and Obesity Proneness. Appetite. 2001;36(3):201–210. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Hughes SO, Power TG, Orlet Fisher J, Mueller S, Nicklas TA. Revisiting a Neglected Construct: Parenting Styles in a Child-feeding Context. Appetite. 2005;44:83–92. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Cullen KW, Baranowski T, Rittenberry L, Olvera N. Social-Environmental Influences on Children's Diets: Results from Focus Groups with African-, Euro- and Mexican-American Children and their Parents. Health Education Research. 2000;15(5):581–590. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Gable S, Lutz S. Household, Parent and Child Contributions to Childhood Obesity. Family Relationships. 2000;49:293–300. [Google Scholar]Patrick H, Nicklas TA, Hughes SO, Morales M. The Benefits of Authoritative Feeding Style: Caregiver Feeding Styles and Children's Food Consumption Patterns. Appetite. 2005;44(2):243–249. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. See Patrick, supra note 94.

96. See Cullen, supra note 94. Gable and Lutz, supra note 94.

97. Rhee KE, Lumeng JC, Appugliese DP, Kaciroti N, Bradley RH. Parenting Styles and Overweight Status in First Grade. Pediatrics. 2006;117(6):2047–2054. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. Lissau I, Sorensen TI. Parental Neglect during Childhood and Increased Risk of Obesity in Young Adulthood. Lancet. 1994;343(8893):324–327. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

99. Hughes, supra note 93.

100. See LeVine, supra note 79.

101. Francis LA, Birch LL. Predictors of Maternal Child-Feeding Style: Maternal and Child Characteristics. Appetite. 2001;37(3):231–243. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. Baughcum AE, Burklow KA, Deeks CM, Powers SW, Whitaker RC. Maternal Feeding Practices and Childhood Obesity: A Focus Group Study of Low-income Mothers. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 1998;152(10):1010–1014. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Bentley M, Gavin L, Black MM, Teti L. Infant Feeding Practices of Low-income, African-American, Adolescent Mothers: An Ecological, Multigenerational Perspective. Social Science and Medicine. 1999;49(8):1085–1100. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Bronner YL, Gross SM, Caulfield L, Bentley ME, Kessler L, Jensen J, Weathers B, Paige DM. Early Introduction of Solid Foods among Urban African-American Participants in WIC. Journal of the American Dietic Association. 1999;99(4):457–461. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103. Maynard LM, Galuska DA, Blanck HM, Serdula MK. Maternal Perceptions of Weight Status of Children. Pediatrics. 2003;111:1226–1231. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Baughcum AE, Chamberlin LA, Deeks CM, Powers SW, Whitaker RC. Maternal Perceptions of Overweight Preschool Children. Pediatrics. 2000;106(6):1380–1386. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]Anderson CB, Hughes SO, Fisher JO, Nicklas TA. Cross-Sectional Equivalence of Feeding Beliefs and Practices: The Psychometric Properties of the Child Feeding Questionnaire among Blacks and Hispanics. Preventive Medicine. 2005;41(2):521–531. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

105. See Bentley, supra note 102.