As explained in Chapter 1, these best practice guidelines for phlebotomy extend the scope of the two WHO/SIGN documents on related topics that are currently available (29, 30). At the heart of the document are three principles.
This chapter provides recommendations (in boxes) and gives further information for each recommendation (text below the boxes). Procurement agencies must ensure that all health-care facilities have sufficient supplies of phlebotomy and personal protective equipment. Such equipment must meet at least the minimum standards of sterility, quality and safety to prevent complications related to unsafe practices. To prevent the complications related to unsafe practices discussed in Parts I and II of this document, equipment (including materials for hand hygiene) and personal protective clothing must be routinely available in sufficient quantities. Items needed include: All items to be used on more than one patient should be designed so that they can be cleaned and disinfected. Such items include laboratory transport boxes or trays, tourniquets, evacuated tube holders, scissors and so on. Also, it is best to buy high-quality items even if they are more expensive. Trying to save money by purchasing cheap items that are of poor quality can be more costly in the long run; for example, if items have to be replaced more frequently. Governments and procurement agencies should work to ensure that appropriate products are available in the country, by:
Facilities that cannot afford the supplies needed to minimize risk to staff and patients, or supplies of the quality necessary for valid and reliable laboratory test results, should reassess whether they should offer phlebotomy or the related laboratory services. Safety-engineered evacuated tube systems or winged needle sets are safer than a hypodermic needle and syringe, but all are effective for blood sampling. Safety features (e.g. needle covers, needleless transfer systems or adaptors, and retractable lancets) can further reduce the risks associated with manual recapping, needle removal, disassembly and transfer of blood from syringes to tubes.
Health workers should wear well-fitting, non-sterile gloves when taking blood; they should also carry out hand hygiene before and after each patient procedure, before putting on and after removing gloves. Clean, non-sterile examination gloves in multiple sizes should be available for personnel who carry out phlebotomy. It is recommended that:
All health workers undertaking phlebotomy must be trained in infection prevention and control procedures. Staff should receive training and demonstrate proficiency on the specific methods that they will use on the job; for example, adult and paediatric sampling; and venous, arterial and capillary blood sampling.
The blood-sampling device – a needle and syringe, evacuated needle and tube holder, or winged butterfly – should be disposed of immediately after use as a single unit. It should be placed in a puncture-proof, leak-proof, closable sharps container that is clearly visible and is placed within arm's reach of the health worker.
Infection control procedures that help to prevent health-care associated infections include:
Annex B summarizes the recommendations for best infection control practices in phlebotomy. The points listed below contribute to infection control.
Health-care facilities should provide a patient information leaflet or poster explaining the procedure in simple terms, to increase patient confidence.
A post-exposure prophylaxis protocol must be available in all health-care facilities and phlebotomy areas, providing clear instructions to follow in case of accidental exposure to blood or body fluids.
There is a risk to both patients (or blood donors) and health workers if the phlebotomist is not well informed of the patient's risks. A short clinical history from the patient is essential. Risk can be reduced by following best practices in infection prevention and control, after obtaining informed consent from the patient and blood donors (Table 8.1). |