What era is the 13th century?

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The 13th Century brought us the Papal Inquisition.
Jews in Britain in the 13th century
As the 13th century progresses there is a growing weariness and lack of support for the crusades.
In the 13th century, the explorer, Marco Polo traveled to China and wrote about his journey through Mongolia at the height of it’s empire.

Introduction
Greeks, Romans, and barbarians
The emergence of modern Europe, 1500–1648
The great age of monarchy, 1648–1789
Revolution and the growth of industrial society, 1789–1914
European society and culture since 1914

Out of the Mongolian Steppes rose a new leader, Genghis Khan. In England, King John continues to divide and rule his country, his conflict with both the church and the barons leading to the writing of the Magna Carta.
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Fibonacci wrote the Book of Calculation and introduced the Hindu numbering system 0 – 9 to Europe. Universities continued to be established, Cambridge University was founded by scholars relocating from Oxford. These great universities rose out of the 13th century and in Europe universities such as those in Bologna drew in scholars whose work would spread throughout the west.

The 13th Century brought us the Papal Inquisition.

The point of the inquisition, to expunge all heretics from society. The Fourth Lateran Council met in Rome to enact legislation as to what is heresy and what is not. There was a growing antipathy towards the Jews and amongst other things, the Council decided that Jews would wear a yellow label. In the French city of Avignon there were concerns about cleanliness. These concerns led to the edict that Jews and whores would be forbidden from touching bread or fruit in the market place.

Jews in Britain in the 13th century

In England, Jews were considered instruments of the king’s oppressions. Jewish communities were attacked and many inhabitants killed. The King of England had been borrowing money from Jews but then he switched to Italian bankers, reducing his dependence on Jews. Jews were restricted from holding land and Jewish children from inheriting their parents’ money. On death, Jewish money would be confiscated by the royal government. By the end of the 13th Century life for Jews in Britain was becoming increasingly uncertain and difficult. Jewish communities were attacked and many inhabitants killed. The persecution continued, until by the end of the 13th Century when King Edward I expelled all the Jews from England.

As the 13th century progresses there is a growing weariness and lack of support for the crusades.

Early in the 13th Century, thousands of children, along with a few adults and clerics, headed for Jerusalem to rescue the Holy Land from Muslims. They were deficient in money and organization but believed that as children, they were favored by God and could work miracles that adults could not. The children’s crusade ended in disaster. Many children died or were sold into slavery.

Amongst the general population there was a growing weariness and lack of support for the crusades. It was time to focus on national politics and the things that concerned the people at home.

In the 13th century, the explorer, Marco Polo traveled to China and wrote about his journey through Mongolia at the height of it’s empire.

The Genoans and Venetians each built bigger and better galleys, capable of carrying more cargo than ever before and of dominating the European sea lanes.

As the century tipped towards it’s end, the English and the Scottish were in conflict with one another, the Stone of Destiny was brought to England and the Scottish Nationalist, William Wallace, led a revolt against English dominance but was defeated at Falkirk.

Coal and iron production became very important industries in Europe and huge tracts of forest were cut down. Coal was mined for the first time in England.

A timeline of the 13th century of British History will follow shortly

Our 13th century chronology and timelines are being created and curated but already via each century page you can quickly locate our collections for each 100 years of history. These evolve as we explore topical themes, but if you are looking for something you can’t see here then please feel free to contact us and request, Thanks for taking a look.

The 13th century BC was the period from 1300 to 1201 BC.

Millennium: 2nd millennium BC Centuries:

14th century BC
13th century BC
12th century BC

Timelines:

14th century BC
13th century BC
12th century BC

State leaders:

14th century BC
13th century BC
12th century BC

Decades:

1290s BC
1280s BC
1270s BC
1260s BC
1250s BC

1240s BC
1230s BC
1220s BC
1210s BC
1200s BC

Categories: Births – Deaths
Establishments – Disestablishments

Chinese ritual bronze wine vessel, Shang Dynasty, 13th century BC, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.

Map of the Eastern Hemisphere in 1300 BC.

c. 1300–1046 BC: In China, the Shang dynasty flourishes as it settles its capital, Yin, near Anyang.[1] Chinese settlers swarm in compact groups to create new clearing areas towards the Yangtze basin in the south, the Shanxi terraces in the northwest and the Wei River valley. The Shang then seem to frequently wage war with the still non-Sinicized populations who inhabit the Huai River valley. Graves in the form of cruciform pits have been discovered in Anyang containing chariots with their yokes, numerous bronze vases and the remains of human sacrifices, as well as the first Chinese inscriptions on oracle bones (Jiaguwen) or bronze vases.[2] China's Shang armies are organized into infantry and archers in companies of one hundred men, supporting sections of five chariots.[3]
c. 1300 BC: The Aryans dominate northwest India as far as the Sarasvati River.[4] The Vedas mention the Dasas (slaves) as their enemies. Dasas are interpreted as being a North Iranian tribe, Dahae. The Aryans are organized in tribal monarchies headed by a raja (king), who shares power with two councils or assemblies that will differentiate over time, the sabhā (court of justice) and the samiti (council of war).[5] Only one raja is named in the Rigveda: Sudas of the Bharatas, a tribe established on the upper reaches of the Sarasvatî. He is described as the victor of the coalition of ten kings, the most powerful of which was Pûru. Subsequently, the Kurus take control of the Bharatas.[6]
c. 1260 BC: Lapita pottery discovered at the Bourewa site southwest of Viti Levu dates back to this period.[7]

c. 1350–1210 BC: The Igihalkid dynasty in Elam. They resume the title of "Kings of Anshan and Susa".[8]
c. 1306–1186 BC: The Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis, then Pi-Ramesses, are the capitals of the New Kingdom of Egypt.[9] It is a period of relative prosperity. During the reign of Ramesses II, the construction of the Great Hypostyle Hall of the temples of Karnak, the Luxor Temple and the temples of Abu Simbel are completed.[10]
1307–1275 BC: The first Assyrian mention of the Ahlamu, proto-Aramaic people, during the reign of Adad-nirari I, in the region of the north of the Euphrates. The Aramaeans, a Semitic people reported from the 14th century BC by the archives of Amarna and then Ugarit, settled in North Mesopotamia, then in Aram (now Syria) and Lebanon where they formed kingdoms in the 11th century BC.[11] The biblical tradition of the sons of Jacob, apparently originating from the Aram Naharayim or "Aram of the two rivers", in the loop of the Euphrates, around the towns of Harran and Nahur, seems to confirm that this region was populated by Proto-Aramaic pastors around the 13th century BC.[12]
The Semitic tribes (including Israel) advance westward (Canaan). According to the Bible, Jacob bought his birthright from his brother Esau and then led the Israelites to Egypt at the call of his son Joseph. His twelve sons form the twelve tribes of Israel: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph (Ephraim and Manasseh), Benjamin, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, and Asher. Jacob's group of descendants of Aramaic origin may have left the region of Harran in Upper Mesopotamia around 1275 BC during the Assyrian invasion of Hanigalbat, then probably entered Palestine by crossing the Jordan River between the valley of Yabboq and that of Wadi Far'ah. He settled down in the region north and northeast of Shechem. He does not mix with the locals. The group of descendants of Joseph / Israel, originally from Mount Ephraim, will stay for a while in Egypt in the land of Goshen, on the eastern edge of the Nile Delta. They would have worked on the construction of the Egyptian warehouse cities of Pithom and Pi-Ramesses.[13] Towards the end of the century, a first group of Semites, led by Moses, would have left Egypt and merged with a second group which came more recently from Upper Mesopotamia, which also took Judaism as a revealed religion. They would have settled in the current West Bank, a sparsely populated region at the time, from which they will radiate and ally themselves with other Semitic peoples of Galilee and Transjordan.[14]
1207 BC: Merneptah repels attacks by northern invaders (the "Sea-Peoples") in the 8th year of his reign, according to the Great Karnak Inscription. Eric Cline closely links this event with the beginning of the Late Bronze Age collapse.[15]

c. 1300–1200 BC: Bronze IIIB in Greece.[16] The Lion Gate and the Treasury of Atreus are built in Mycenae. It is a time of peace and prosperity in the Aegean. Mycenaean imports to the Levant peak. A wreck found on the southern coast of Anatolia contained ingots of copper, tin, ivory, Syrian, Cypriot and Mycenaean vases, and pieces of elephant and hippo ivory. The Acropolis of Athens is developed: towards the end of the century, a Cyclopean wall four to six meters thick, known as the “pelasgic wall” (Pelargikon), is constructed, as well as a well to supply the citadel with water.[17] Linear B tablets are created in Pylos.[18]
c. 1300–1200 BC: Approximately 4,000 men fight a battle at a causeway over the Tollense valley in Northern Germany, the largest known prehistoric battle north of the Alps.[19]
c. 1300–500 BC: The Lusatian culture in Poland, parts of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, eastern Germany and northern Ukraine.[20]
c. 1250–850 BC: The Urnfield culture, characterized by vast cemeteries housing urns with the ashes of the deceased and offerings, marks the Late Bronze Age in Western Europe.[21]
c. 1250–1000 BC: The culture of Pantalica develops inland in Sicily.[22]
1225–1190 BC: Late Helladic IIIB2 in mainland Greece.[23] The perimeters of the defense systems of the Mycenaean palaces (Mycenae, Tiryns, Midea) are widely extended, a sign that insecurity is increasing. The end of the period was marked by widespread destruction on most sites: Mycenae, Tyrinth, Midéa, Thebes, Orchomenus, Dimini, and Pylos, whose unfortified palaces have not been rebuilt.[24]

List of sovereign states in the 13th century BC.

^ San, Tan Koon (2014). Dynastic China. The Other Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-983-9541-88-5.
^ Soutif, Michel (2012). L'Asie, source de sciences et de techniques. EDP Sciences. p. 33. ISBN 978-2-7598-0125-1.
^ Gabriel, Richard A. (2002). The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-275-97809-9.
^ Daniélou, Alain (1983). Histoire de l'Inde. Fayard. p. 223. ISBN 978-2-213-63953-6.
^ Masson-Oursel, Paul; Stern, Philippe; de Willman-Grabowska, H (2012). L'Inde antique et la civilisation indienne. Éditions Albin Michel. p. 88. ISBN 978-2-226-26086-4.
^ Boivin, Michel (2015). Histoire de l'Inde. Presses Universitaires de France. p. 8. ISBN 978-2-13-073032-3.
^ Gross, Jeffrey L. (2017). Waipi’O Valley. Vol. 1. Xlibris Corporation. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-5245-3905-4.
^ Berghe, Louis Vanden (1983). Reliefs rupestres de l'Irān ancien : Bruxelles, Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire, 26 octobre 1983-29 janvier 1984. Musées royaux d'art et d'histoire. p. 25.
^ Margueron, Jean-Claude (2012). Le Proche-Orient et l'Égypte antiques. Hachette Éducation Technique. p. 384. ISBN 978-2-01-140096-3.
^ Barral I Altet, Xavier (2013). Histoire de l'art. Presses Universitaires de France. p. 19. ISBN 978-2-13-062338-0.
^ Clutton-Brock, Juliet (2014). The Walking Larder : Patterns of Domestication, Pastoralism, and Predation. Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-317-59838-1.
^ Lemaire, André. "Les Araméens, un peuple, une langue, une écriture, au-delà des empires". www.clio.fr.
^ Lemaire, André (2018). Histoire du peuple hébreu. Presses Universitaires de France. p. 9. ISBN 978-2-13-081069-8.
^ Frédéric, Encel. Comprendre le Proche-Orient. Éditions Bréal. p. 137. ISBN 978-2-7495-2074-2.
^ Cline, Eric. 1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed [video], 2016, 1h10'17. See 5'41-6'19 for the invasion of the Sea People in the 5th yr of Merneptah's reign and the 8th year of Ramses III's, and 4'30 for the start of the Late Bronze Age collapse "on either side of 1200 BC".
^ Baurain, Claude (1997). Les Grecs et la Méditerranée orientale : des siècles "obscurs" à la fin de l'époque archaïque. Presses universitaires de France. p. 60.
^ Étienne, Roland (2004). Athènes, espaces urbains et histoire. Hachette. p. 23. ISBN 978-2-01-181444-9.
^ L’Europe au temps d’Ulysse. RMN - Grand Palais. 1999. p. 234. ISBN 978-2-7118-6293-1.
^ Curry, Andrew (24 March 2016). "Slaughter at the bridge: Uncovering a colossal Bronze Age battle". Science. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ Price, T. Douglas (2015). Ancient Scandinavia. Oxford University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-19-023198-9.
^ Gimbutas, Marija (1965). Bronze Age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe. De Gruyter. p. 245. ISBN 978-3-11-166814-7.
^ Leighton, Robert (1999). Sicily Before History: An Archaeological Survey from the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age. Cornell University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-8014-8585-5.
^ Brunet, Olivier (2016). Les marqueurs archéologiques du pouvoir. Publications de la Sorbonne. p. 28. ISBN 979-10-351-0005-6.
^ Demoule, Jean-Paul; Garcia, Dominique; Schnapp, Alain (2018). Une histoire des civilisations (in French). La Découverte. p. 319. ISBN 978-2-7071-8878-6.