What is the prevalence of phobias?

Referring to the performance-based fire protection and safety evacuation, safety evacuation ability in a college library was analyzed. The fire loads and evacuation crowds of reading rooms was statistically analyzed with the on-the-spot Survey. The 4th reading room was considered as the most unfavourable evacuation area, and then it was reasonably simplified. The RSET (Required Safety Evacuation Time) was calculated according to experiential formulas, and ASET (Available Safety Evacuation Time) was determined by simulating room fire with field model FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator). Then the evacuation ability of the 4th Reading-Room can be confirmed if RSET<ASET. Based on the analysis above, the fire protection and safety evacuation performance in the college library can be affirmed.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine versus low dose ketamine on incidence of gag reflex and the total amount of propofol consumed during (UGIE) in patient sedated with propofol.

This randomized, prospective, double blind study was approved by institutional ethics committee of El-Minia university hospital and carried out in the period ranged from March 2015 to January 2016. 75 male and female patients aged from 18 to 70 years old, ASA class I–II. The patients were randomly (by computer generated table) allocated into 3 equal groups: Group(I) (propofol group), Group(II): (propofol + ketamine group), Group(III): (propofol + dexmedetomidine group). Parameters assessed was - Gag reflex, depth of sedation, total dose of propofol, oxygen saturation(spo2), hemodynamic data, time to recovery, any side effects as:- emergence delirium, and ny need for airway assistance.

Gag reflex In group(I) was 32% (8 patients) versus 20% (5 patients) in group(II) and 8% (2 patients) in group(III). Patients in group(I) were significantly required higher doses of propofol when compared to group(III) and group(II), while patients in group(II) were required higher doses of propofol than group(III) with significant statistically difference. The changes of HR were comparable between the studied groups except after 2 min of induction, there were significant reduction in mean values of HR in group(I) in comparison to group(II) and group(III). As regard MAP, there were significant elevation in group(II) when compared to group(I) (at 2, 4, 6 min) and group(III) (at 2, 4, 6, 8 min, otherwise there were no significant difference. Oxygen saturation was comparable in the studied groups at all set time and there was no significant difference in their values, only 8% of patients in group(II) versus 12% in group(III) and 20% in group(I) needed jaw thrust as airway assistance. Time to recovery in group(I) was (4.84 ± 0.89 min) which was significantly longer than both group(II) (4.16 ± 1.06 min) and group(III) (4.2 ± 1.04 min).

Dexmedetomidine with propofol in patients undergoing UGIE was safe and effectively, can reduce the incidence of gag reflex better than ketamine when added to propofol, with less propofol consumption and better in recovery time.

The Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) is a well-established self-report assessment tool and is particularly recommended for the assessment of dimensions of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) symptomatology. Although previous studies have shown that the OCI-CV has good psychometric properties to assess dimensions of OCD in clinical and non-clinical samples, a number of aspects remain unexplored: factor invariance across clinical and non-clinical samples, the discriminative validity of the OCI-CV to differentiate clinical from non-clinical samples, and the need for more data concerning the translation and adaptation of the OCI-CV across cultures and languages. Thus, the aim of our study was to provide new data on the validation of the OCI-CV in two community-based samples (n=2138) and clinical samples (n=94) of participants between 10 and 18 years old. The results showed that the OCI-CV has a sound 6-factor structure (Doubting/Checking, Obsessing, Hoarding, Washing, Ordering, Neutralizing) with one second-order factor (general OCD symptomatology), metric invariance across clinical and non-clinical samples, good reliability in terms of internal consistency and temporal stability, significant correlations with other specific measures of OCD, and acceptable sensitivity and specificity for the detection of OCD. The OCI-CV is a well-established measure to assess obsessive–compulsive symptom dimensions in children and adolescents.

Youth with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are at risk of experiencing comorbid psychiatric conditions, such as depression and anxiety. Studies of Chinese adolescents with OCD are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of depression, anxiety, and helplessness with the occurrence of OCD in Chinese adolescents.

This study consisted of two stages. The first stage used a cross-sectional design involving a stratified clustered non-clinical sample of 3174 secondary school students. A clinical interview procedure was then employed to diagnose OCD in students who had a Leyton ‘yes’ score of 15 or above. The second phase used a case-control study design to examine the relationship of OCD to depression, anxiety and helplessness in a matched sample of 288 adolescents with clinically diagnosed OCD and 246 students without OCD.

Helplessness, depression and anxiety scores were directly associated with the probability of OCD caseness. Canonical correlation analysis indicated that the OCD correlated significantly with depression, anxiety, and helplessness. Cluster analysis further indicated that the degree of the OCD is also associated with severity of depression and anxiety, and the level of helplessness.

These findings suggest that depression, anxiety and helplessness are important correlates of OCD in Chinese adolescents. Future studies using longitudinal and prospective designs are required to confirm these relationships as causal.

Asmundson and Asmundson (2018) reported that publication of research on anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder (SAD), has seen rapid growth in the period between 2006 and 2016. In fact, the uptick in publication rate of SAD research was unexpectedly high given previous predictions by Boschen (2008), who reviewed publication trends from 1980 to 2005. In this commentary, we consider potential factors involved in the continued increase in publication of research on SAD. We examine the roles that empathy and evolutionary factors may play in our ability to relate to those with SAD and in our motivation to research it. Further, we consider whether the relatively high prevalence of SAD, the visibility of experiences of social anxiety in the general population, and the availability of viable theoretical models of SAD and its treatment have played a significant role in the high publication rate. Other factors affecting research on SAD such as changes in the definition of SAD in various editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), comorbidity which other psychiatric disorders, and the role of pharmaceutical company research are also discussed.