If you want to test multiple conditions without writing nested if...else statements, logical operators can help you. When used in conditions, the first two do the following: Show
To give you an AND example, the previous example snippet can be rewritten to this: if (choice === 'sunny' && temperature < 86) { para.textContent = `It is ${temperature} degrees outside — nice and sunny. Let's go out to the beach, or the park, and get an ice cream.`; } else if (choice === 'sunny' && temperature >= 86) { para.textContent = `It is ${temperature} degrees outside — REALLY HOT! If you want to go outside, make sure to put some sunscreen on.`; } So for example, the first code block will only be run if choice === 'sunny' and temperature < 86 return true. Let's look at a quick OR example: if (iceCreamVanOutside || houseStatus === 'on fire') { console.log('You should leave the house quickly.'); } else { console.log('Probably should just stay in then.'); } The last type of logical operator, NOT, expressed by the ! operator, can be used to negate an expression. Let's combine it with OR in the above example: if (!(iceCreamVanOutside || houseStatus === 'on fire')) { console.log('Probably should just stay in then.'); } else { console.log('You should leave the house quickly.'); } In this snippet, if the OR statement returns true, the NOT operator will negate it so that the overall expression returns false. You can combine as many logical statements together as you want, in whatever structure. The following example executes the code inside only if both OR statements return true, meaning that the overall AND statement will return true: if ((x === 5 || y > 3 || z <= 10) && (loggedIn || userName === 'Steve')) { } A common mistake when using the logical OR operator in conditional statements is to try to state the variable whose value you are checking once, and then give a list of values it could be to return true, separated by || (OR) operators. For example: if (x === 5 || 7 || 10 || 20) { } In this case the condition inside if () will always evaluate to true since 7 (or any other non-zero value) always evaluates to true. This condition is actually saying "if x equals 5, or 7 is true — which it always is". This is logically not what we want! To make this work you've got to specify a complete test either side of each OR operator: if (x === 5 || x === 7 || x === 10 || x === 20) { }
Essential (primary) hypertension occurs when you have abnormally high blood pressure that’s not the result of a medical condition. This form of high blood pressure is often due to obesity, family history and an unhealthy diet. The condition is reversible with medications and lifestyle changes.
Primary (essential) hypertension is high blood pressure that is multi-factorial and doesn’t have one distinct cause. It’s also known as idiopathic or essential hypertension. Above-normal blood pressure is typically anything over 120/80 mmHg. This means that the pressure inside your arteries is higher than it should be. Why should I be concerned about essential hypertension?Essential hypertension (now known as primary hypertension) damages your blood vessels. The condition worsens over time and can cause life-changing complications that include:
Unhealthy habits and certain circumstances put you at risk for essential primary hypertension. These include:
How is primary hypertension different from other forms of hypertension?Other types of hypertension have one distinct cause. These include a medical condition or side effects of medications. When there is a direct cause, it’s known as secondary hypertension. Primary and secondary hypertension can co-exist, particularly when there’s an acute worsening of blood pressure control, a new secondary cause should be considered. Conditions that can cause secondary hypertension include: What are the symptoms of essential hypertension (now known as primary hypertension)?In the early stages, primary hypertension has no symptoms. Over time, blood vessel damage can start affecting your health. You may experience:
A diagnosis of primary hypertension is made when you have high blood pressure, but none of the conditions that cause secondary hypertension. The best way to know if you have it is by seeing a healthcare provider who will:
What happens during a blood pressure check?Healthcare providers use a device with an inflatable arm cuff and dial. They inflate the cuff and watch the dial while listening to the force of blood through a stethoscope. The test results in two readings:
Normal blood pressure is below 120/80 mmHg. If either number is higher, you may have hypertension. Your healthcare provider will take multiple readings at different time points before determining the next steps in your care. Will I need any other tests?If there are multiple high blood pressure readings, your healthcare provider may recommend 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. This test regularly measures blood pressure over 24 hours, even while you sleep. Healthcare providers take the average of these readings to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of hypertension.
Primary hypertension treatment typically includes lifestyle changes and medications. Lifestyle changesMaintaining a healthy lifestyle includes:
MedicationsVarious medications can lower your blood pressure, including:
To prevent high blood pressure from worsening you can:
Many people lower their blood pressure with medications and lifestyle changes. Some people come off blood pressure medications after maintaining a healthy lifestyle. A small number of people experience no change in blood pressure despite trying several medications (resistant hypertension).
Medications alone are not enough to lower your blood pressure. For the best results, you need to live a healthy lifestyle. It can be challenging to change what you eat and break old habits. Some people benefit from the help of health coaches, therapists or trusted friends. Setting realistic goals can help you make steady progress and feel your best. A note from Cleveland Clinic Essential hypertension is high blood pressure that is not due to another medical condition. There can be many causes, including obesity, family history and an unhealthy diet. Even though the condition does not cause symptoms, it’s critical to manage it. Essential hypertension can lead to blood vessel damage, putting you at risk for life-threatening complications. With successful treatment, you can lower your blood pressure and preserve your health for years to come.
Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 10/26/2021. References
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